Savage s Stance On Marriage - 1182 Words

I think it’s difficult to just openly agree with Savage’s stance on marriage as it stands. As quoted in Oppenheimer’s article, â€Å"Married, with Infidelities†, Savage states: â€Å"The mistake that straight people made,’ Savage told me, ‘was imposing the monogamous expectation on men. Men were never expected to be monogamous. Men had concubines, mistresses and access to prostitutes, until everybody decided marriage had to be egalitarian and fairsey† (Oppenheimer, 2011). Savage’s words seem almost dismissive of the possibility that women would potentially stray given the opportunity. Given that Savage is said to have gained inspiration from Ryan and Jetha’s Sex at Dawn, it is not really surprising Savage feels this way. Ryan and Jetha’s work goes to great lengths to â€Å"prove† that humans are not meant to be monogamous, yet really all it does is attempt to justify cheating in men (Ryan, 2011). As discussed during our course, Sex at Dawn makes no attempt to consider a woman’s mate choice. In fact, Ryan states â€Å"The idea that female mate choice (conscious or not) can happen after or during intercourse rather than as part of an elaborate precopulatory courtship ritual turns the standard narrative upside down† (Ryan, 266). This kind of rape culture perpetuating logic is not a good basis to develop marital strategies off of, yet it does reflect some of our culture’s skewed views on consent. For Savage’s take on infidelity to work, our culture would have to change to be more accepting ofShow MoreRelatedThe Idle King By Alfred Lord Tennyson1119 Words   |  5 Pagesdecide whether to stay or leave Ithaca â€Å"untraveled world† (Tennyson 20) summarizes the poem. Throughout the poem, it is obvious which stance Ulysses’ heart heavily sways towards but it is not until the last line is his decision made clear. Glyn Davis states, â€Å"Tennyson take s as his subject an ancient monarch, stranded on a stony island, in an all-too-familiar marriage, burdened with the dull pointlessness of governing an unlearned people.† Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† reads not like a poemRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poisonwood Bible1548 Words   |  7 Pages Barbara Kingsolver s novel The Poisonwood Bible captures a white southern families struggles through cultural collision and avid yet destructive faith. Kingsolver utilizes personal narratives to highlight the effect of western presence in Africa, not only pertaining to the natives but to the intrusive westerners themselves. The Price women display an array of different reactions to their quest in the Congo— each character contributes a different perspective which furthers the plot. Leah PriceRead MoreCharles Dickens Attitudes Towards Women1478 Words   |  6 Pageshusbands and their families in general. However females presented themselves depicted the line from which they came, and their mannerisms functioned as a representation of the man with which they lived. These sorts of practices were typical in the 1800’s, and women seemed to be more of a source of entertainment, distraction, and satisfaction than anything else. Not before the mid-1840s did Dickens begin t o view society in its organic wholeness. (Johnson) In short, Dickens opinions and attitudes directedRead MoreThe Mythology Of The Greek Society1603 Words   |  7 Pageswas unheard of and almost revolutionary until the Elizabethan era. Though Euripides’ lived in a dangerously powerful misogynistic society, his writing presented a sympathetic portrayal of females, a message of catharsis to the audience, and a new stance on conventional norms with masked ideas of protofeminism. To begin, Euripides’ play, Medea, is the best evidence to examine his expression of pro-feminist views against the conventional social practice. 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In both cases, Johnson separated himself from what was commonly accepted and asserted his own opinions and views based on his beliefs. Further, by comparing Johnson to contemporaries (BoswellRead MoreEssay on HUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND3395 Words   |  14 Pagesto be a symbolic, not a literal, read that was being twisted and misrepresented by opponents of the Copernican view. (4) He stood by Copernicus until the age of seventy, when two appearances before the Catholic Inquisition forced him to change his stance on the matter. (5) Shortly after Galileis letter, in 1620, the Englishman Francis Bacon posed a threat to traditional authorities in general when he proposed that scientists and philosophers work not from classical or Biblical texts, but from

The Mao Button, Black Walls, And Communist China - 1131 Words

Title Goes Here The eighteenth-century German philosopher Johann Wolfgang van Goethe is quoted as saying: â€Å"None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe they are free†. If Goethe, who died in the early 1800s, could have looked forward a hundred and twenty years to Mao Zedong’s Communist China, he would have doubtless seen his words ring painfully true. Mao’s dynastic rule survived on elimination of any thought deemed contrary to his own. Those who dared to speak out were dealt with swiftly and severely. Yet some people did not believe they were free, and were willing to do risk everything to subvert Mao’s manufactured culture. â€Å"The Mao Button†, â€Å"Black Walls†, and â€Å"Dogshit Food† are short stories that criticize the†¦show more content†¦People were so obsessed with proving their dedication to Mao that they lost sight of how irrationally they were acting. The author of The Mao Button uses extreme hyperbole to satirize this personality worship. The entire country of China lived with a deep-seated fear that their dedication to the Chairman would be called into question, and they would not be able to prove themselves - and thus would face ridicule, or the even punishment. Indeed, a mere lapel pin was enough by which to judge someone’s patriotism. The cultural satire exemplified in The Mao Button also manifests in Black Walls, in which author Liu Xin-wu uses satire to expose the dangers of the group-think prevalent in Communist China. At the beginning of the story, a young man named Mr. Zhao decides to paint his room. His neighbors, who share a communal courtyard with him, think nothing of this at first. But then, panic strikes: â€Å"Mr. Zhou was not spraying his walls white but black! He was actually spraying his walls black† (173). His neighbors cannot understand this decision. Why would anyone want walls any color but white? They theorize that Mr. Zhou must be suffering from a critical mental illness. Should they call a doctor, or should they call the police? To the reader of Black Walls, this panic seems completely ridiculous. Why do the walls of everyone’s house need to be white? In Western culture, freedom of thought and freedom of choiceShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMeyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman:Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard Business Review Finance Articles Eclipse of the Public Corporation 308 308 323 323 330 330 Article How I Learned to Live with Wall Street Article Second Thoughts on Going Public Article Reed−Lajoux †¢ The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition 10. Postmerger Integration 336 336 Text Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh †¢ International Management, Sixth Edition

Teachers should assign homework to students Free Essays

â€Å"Homework†. The mere mention of this word would send groans and moans rippling through the classroom, as if the world has come to an end. Although majority of the students tend to view homework negatively, there are prominent reasons why teachers assign homework despite protests from students, concerned parents and irrational researchers. We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers should assign homework to students or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the amount of homework to be assigned is debatable, the good intention of teachers in assigning homework should not be questioned as there are many benefits to doing homework. Firstly, students should be assigned homework as it is platform for students to learn what they have practised. Except for the few geniuses in a cohort, who is able to absorb 100 percent of what they have learnt in class? Although there are many children who are auditory learners, most need further emphasis on the knowledge that they have gained during lessons through visual means, in any case, written homework. Some people believe that when we write down thoughts, ideas, quotes and more, we are actually imprinting them on our brains. Instead of relying on a fleeting memory, this is a much more effective way to contain what we have learnt in school. That is why we need to diligently complete our homework, especially when they are a replication of the content taught in school. Other than benefitting from doing their homework, students benefit from the feedback that they get after their teachers have marked their assignments. Teachers’ main aim when assigning and marking homework is to gauge how much each student has taken away from the lessons delivered and whether or not they fully comprehend what has been taught. Students themselves learn from marked assignments how they fare in the class and how much more effort they have to pour into the topics they are learning. For example, when an essay has been returned, students would know if their proficiency in English is up to standard based on the grade and comments given, and sometimes, the amount of red ink splashed onto their composition. This shows that homework is an effective communication tool between teachers and students in order to boost learning. Furthermore, students acquire discipline and time management skills as they plod through their homework. Just as adults have to complete projects, assignments and proposals in their workplace, so is homework an equivalent task for students. To ensure that they complete their homework, students have to force themselves to put aside the time and order their brains to answer the questions or solve the sums. This constitutes discipline. By following a schedule with enough time to play, rest and spend time with their family and friends, on top of finishing their homework, students will slowly develop their time management skills. Both skills will bring them far as they progress into a stressful and demanding society, such as the one in Singapore. In conclusion, I will still stand by the belief that homework is given for the benefit of students. As a student, homework is my responsibility and as a responsible person, I will make sure I complete my homework to the best of my ability. However, it is important that students are given time to acquire knowledge outside the classroom. Students should not be cooped up all day in a musty study room, learning things in the textbook; they should also pick up social skills through hanging around with friends and life skills such as cooking and repairing household appliances. How to cite Teachers should assign homework to students, Papers

Concept of Human Health as Cross-Cutting Issues-Free-Samples

Question: Examine the Concept of public health as a cross-cutting issue between energy, waste, water, land and biodiversity management. Answer: The main aim of this paper is to explain the concept of human health as cross-cutting issues between energy, biodiversity, wastage, and water. It explains the significance and role of environment in order to protect the human rights. The environment has a direct impact on the health and lifestyle of people. Public health may be defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving and enhancing the health of society through education, planning, policy-making and research for disease and injury prevention. The definition of public health is quite different for each and every person. Environmental issues such as energy, waste, water, land and biodiversity issues present in the global environment which have a direct impact on the health of the communities (Parsons, 2014). Furthermore, social issues may emerge in the organization as well as workplace of the employees which may also impact surrounding communities (Baum, 2016). Moreover, public health may be defined as a process of art and science for preventing and eliminating disease, protecting, promoting and improving health through the organized and designed efforts of society. Effective and unique programs and health facilities are developed and built to protect the health and well being of society. Public health plays a vital r ole in the environment to reduce water, waste and energy issues in the environment. Once the health issues and problems are measured and identified, public health seeks and searches the best interventions and strategies and policies to resolve the public health problem and identify and measure social, and health agents and actors that can be carried out in the best possible manner. The energy sectors interactions with public health, water, food, gender are directly connected to energy systems and energy services. In addition, energy also helps to attain secure and equal access to productive inputs and resources and helps to maintain technology and food production system. It also facilitates access and evaluates safe drinking water and sanitation, expansion and development of wastewater treatment and improvement of water quality. It also helps to reduce and eliminate illness and death from water, air, contamination, and pollution. It can also support womens equal rights and interests to natural and economic resources, improve and enhance the use of technology and helps to prevent and reduce violence against girls and women in private and public places (DeLoughrey and Handley, 2011). On the other hand, water and energy resources are tied together. A huge amount of energy and water are needed to maintain public health and well being. These resources are being used by the people to produce crops in the global market. Energy also affects water security and safety. Everyone depends on the services and ecosystem of the earth. In addition, disposing of waste is the biggest issues in the world which affects health and well being of people. It creates serious health problems and has huge environmental impacts (Schulze and Mooney, 2012). Pollution also increases due to wastage and garbage. In todays era, the water problem is also increasing day by day due to a natural shortage of drinking water in some specific areas. In developing countries, there is no facility of clean and pure water. As a result, approx 1.8 million children die every year from diarrhea and other health issues. Approximately 71.230% of health issues and illness are caused by sanitation situations and p oor water. Environmental degradation is one of the biggest threats to the people that are being seen at in the todays competitive world. The environment is seen to be harmed and corrupted. These issues also affect the health of the animals. Land disturbance, population, deforestation, and natural causes also influence the health of the people. Deforestation decreases forest size, as a result, global warming is influencing human health and well being. Land, water, wastage, and energy issues also affect community health and safety. These issues can cause respiratory issues and problems such as asthma, and pneumonia. Many people died due to indirect effects of water, and air pollution (Harper and Snowden, 2017). Furthermore, biodiversity is essential for maintaining the balance of the ecosystem in the terms of protecting water sources, restoring nutrients and stabilizing climate. Water pollution, global warming, deforestation, and overpopulation are few of the significant reasons for loss of biodiversity (Richardson and Ternes, 2014). Therefore, the community contributes to maintain effective and dynamic ecosystem by reducing and eliminating these causes and issues. These issues also influence ozone layer adversely. This layer is responsible to protect earth from harmful and negative ultraviolet rays. It also increases harmful radiation on earth. These issues directly affect the tourism industry. Loss of biodiversity, air and water pollution is becoming major concerns for the tourism industry. Due to pollution, the tourism industry cannot survive their business because pollution will affect livelihood and health of tourists (Victor, 2017). Moreover, the country may have to bear huge cost due to water pollution, wastage and loss of diversity can have a large impact in terms of protection of endangered species. Now it is assumed that country should make unique and dynamic policies to reduce and eliminate water pollution, wastage, and biodiversity issues. The environment plays an active role in public health. The country can control over illness and diseases by eliminating and reducing environmental issues. In addition, the government should make effective strategies and policies to protect the environment (Geist, 2013). The environmental authorities also monitor the environment to prevent the diseases of people. Moreover, the country needs to originate its own sanitation strategy, policy and plans to reduce the water and air pollution. Apart from this, dynamic and unique programs must be conducted by the firm to protect the environment. The society should minimize the uses of herbicides, fertilizers, and pesticides, also it reduces the use of detergents when washing clothes. It will help to maintain a unique environment in the country (Moldan, Janoukov and Hk, 2012). Peoples lung function is affected by pollution and they suffered from respiratory inflammation. The industries are also being polluted by pollution and wastage thus it will affect the business activities and operations of the companies. Plants are being destroyed by acid rains and pollution. Hence, the country should control the pollution and wastage by making effective and unique policies and strategies. The wastages, water, and air po llution also have a negative effect on the ecosystem of the country (McMichael, 2013). Physical hazards are also big issues which influence human health adversely. The chemical hazards such as tobacco and smoke also have a direct impact on health and lungs of the people. Death rates are increasing due to environmental issues. All these environmental factors affect health and safety of community (Salvendy, 2012). Good nutrition and human health are important part of leading a healthy and safe lifestyle. Diet and physical activity can help people to reach and maintain a healthy weight and reduce and prevent the risk of chronic diseases and promote overall health and safety. Now it is assumed that environment plays a vital role to maintain health and well being of society. Furthermore, the community should contribute and participate to prevent water, air and land issues and wastage. They should maintain a healthy and favorable environment to survive the livelihood (Sallis, Floyd, Rodrg uez and Saelens, 2012). The community plays a vital role to maintain sustainability in the environment. On the above discussion, it has been evaluated and concluded that environment plays a vital and active role to maintain human health. Effective and technologies and strategies must be used by government and country to protect the environment and to prevent air pollution, water pollution, wastage, and corruption. The government plays a vital role to eliminate water, land and wastage issues. References Baum, F., 2016.The new public health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press. DeLoughrey, E. and Handley, G.B. eds., 2011.Postcolonial ecologies: Literatures of the environment. Oxford University Press. Geist, V., 2013.Life strategies, human evolution, environmental design: toward a biological theory of health. Springer Science Business Media. Harper, C. and Snowden, M., 2017.Environment and society: Human perspectives on environmental issues. Taylor Francis. McMichael, A.J., 2013. Globalization, climate change, and human health.New England Journal of Medicine,368(14), pp.1335-1343. Moldan, B., Janoukov, S. and Hk, T., 2012. How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets.Ecological Indicators,17, pp.4-13. Parsons, K., 2014.Human thermal environments: the effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort, and performance. CRC press. Richardson, S.D. and Ternes, T.A., 2014. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues.Analytical chemistry,86(6), pp.2813-2848. Sallis, J.F., Floyd, M.F., Rodrguez, D.A. and Saelens, B.E., 2012. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.Circulation,125(5), pp.729-737. Salvendy, G., 2012.Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. John Wiley Sons. Schulze, E.D. and Mooney, H.A. eds., 2012.Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer Science Business Media. Victor, P.A., 2017.Pollution: Economy and environment. Routledge.

Food Safety Sanitation free essay sample

Food Safety and Quality Guidelines : Manual for Hotels, Restaurants and Food Vendors Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has always been proactive in supporting and providing inputs to Government Policy and value adding by providing guidance to industry to meet new challenges for increasing competitiveness. Ensuring Consumer Safety ranks high on the CII agenda in the area of Food Quality. It is in this context that a Committee on Food Safety and Quality has been set up under the National Committee on Quality and Competitiveness in CII. Under the work plan of this committee a drive for implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) in the Food Industry has been undertaken to ensure Safe and Quality products to the consumers. This manual Food Safety and Quality Guidelines for Hotels, Restaurants and Food Vendors is the first amongst the series of manuals envisaged by the Committee. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Safety Sanitation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This manual is for the guidance of small and medium size Hotels, Restaurants, Dhabas and Street Food vendors, as a service. In preparing this manual CII has made an effort for guiding food serving establishments to implement simple and practical systems and practices for ensuring compliance to GMP, GHP and HACCP in their establishments. These standards have been adapted from establishments who are conscious of such norms and have been able to successfully implement and maintain them. The manual deals in detail about the location, layout, structure, physical facilities like hand wash, water supply, storage, lighting and ventilation etc required for the food service establishments. Cleaning , sanitation and maintenance of the physical facilities have been explained in a simple manner with lots of charts, formats and photographs for easy understanding. The manual deals with the handling of food right from the stage of receipt, storage, preparation, thawing, cooking, hot holding, reheating of food to serving of the food in a food serving establishment. Some of the good Personal Hygiene Practices and Personal habits have been explained through good photographs / pictorials. A separate chapter covers the GMPs, GHPs in the form of simple, easy to understand and implement Dos and Donts for the Dhabas and Street Food vendors. These have been drawn from Codex guidelines for such food establishments. An exhaustive list with addresses of the food testing laboratories in India has been included in the manual for the information of the industry. The committee is committed to work with the Hotel and Restaurants associations in all parts of the country to create awareness and support in the implementation of this manual and also receive their inputs to make this manual acceptable to all. This is an evolutionary process. Through usage, we expect this manual to receive valuable feedback from the users and improve upon this version 0. 0 Cost of this manual is Rs. 750 only

Negotiation in the Workplace Essay Example

Negotiation in the Workplace Essay Example Negotiation in the Workplace Paper Negotiation in the Workplace Paper Negotiation in the Workplace Name: Institution: Negotiation in the Workplace Introduction Within the office setting, time keeping and efficiency in performing duties is an important aspect of being an employee. The supervisors also carefully assess these and other duties to make conclusion on the level of employee productivity. When employees fail to deliver on their time schedules and productivity, it causes conflicts within the workplace especially between the supervisor and employees. The situation concerns two main people: Lisa and Marion. In this case study, there are two main parties. Lisa, who is an employee in a public relations company had recently transferred from overseas and is currently living in Australia with her parents. Lisa has a tight schedule that involves working the whole day at the office and then attending an evening course from 6-9 pm for two days every week. Additionally, Lisa also accompanies her sick mother to physiotherapy twice a week. On the other hand, Marion who is Lisa’s employer demands increased productivity levels from her empl oyee. Her main demand involves Lisa developing a regular and predictable pattern of work. Currently, both parties have slightly compromised, but the new arrangement was not effective as Lisa still came in late. Analysis Negotiation involves a discourse between several individuals or parties with the purpose of reaching a compromise, understanding, resolve a conflict, or to fashion outcomes to persuade a variety of interests demanded by the parties involved in the negotiation process (Forsyth Kay, 2008). Forsyth (2008) states that â€Å"†¦negotiators are at pains to take the broad view, to understand the other person’s point of view and what they are trying to achieve and why† (Forsyth and Kay, 2008 p. 87). Negotiation is a course of action where every party concerned attempts to thrash out benefits for themselves at the end of the negotiation (Michael, 2011). The main purpose of negotiation is to reach a compromise. Mannix et al (2008) states â€Å"†¦negotiation may occur among multiple members of a single group (within-group), including among factions or coalitions within the group† (p22). Within the workplace, numerous complications emerge that may require a negotia tion process to solve them effectively (Gatchalian, 1998). As Lyons (2007) argues â€Å"†¦we negotiate with other parties only when we can get more from an agreement with them, than from the other options we have† (p7). Each negotiation case is unique and, therefore, a negotiation process such as this will produce several results (Lyons, 2007). The main problem between Lisa and Marion involves proper time management and allocation of tasks in the public relations firm. The major cause of this problem revolves around Lisa and her inconvenient time demands that constantly made her delay the workplace tasks. These demands include taking her mother to the hospital and attending evening classes. The clash between Lisa and her employer Marion has occurred due to different priorities and responsibilities within the workplace. On one hand, Lisa needs to work, increase her education and take care of her ailing mother. On the other hand, Marion demands a more organized working environment particularly concerning Lisa’s department. She requires regular working hours that are covered by all employees fully. David (2010) asserts, â€Å"†¦people differ, and they use negotiation to handle their differences† (p18). The negotiation theory demands that people should make separate, dynamic decisions, and this can be inferre d to fashion a compromise between the two parties (David, 2010). The impact of the stalemate is twofold. On the employer’s side, Marion is bound to realise losses in the company’s productivity owing to the underperformance of one of her employees. The firm will also experience an increased labour burden arising from uncompleted tasks and pileups caused by Lisa’s absence and late coming. On her part, Lisa risks being demoted, transferred to another department, or even being sacked altogether. Currently, Lisa finds it extremely difficult to juggle between work and family life and this puts pressure on her productivity levels significantly lowering them. According to negotiation analysis, these two individuals are intelligent and competent enough and should seek out a mutual, concerted decision. In this situation, they can adopt an integrative negotiation and should desist from being distributive. A distributive negotiation would mean that either Lisa or Marion would have to be disappointed when they lose. Recommendation and Solutions The negotiation theory incorporates decision-making approaches as well as negotiation analysis. In this case, decision making approach will be applicable as the situation will require the person or people in authority to make decisions. Kochan (2003) maintains â€Å"†¦the essence of negotiation lies in identifying the interests of those involved and satisfying mutual interests while finding efficient and equitable tradeoffs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p33). The negotiation analysis approach will also be used, as the two parties will have eventually to come to an agreement. Several solutions exist that can solve the emerging problem in the public relations between Lisa and Marion. One of the solutions would be to entirely change Lisa’s working hours and transfer her to the night shift. This way she will have ample time to take care of her mother during the day and have time to attend her evening classes just before reporting for the night shift. These two responsibilities were the ma in issues on which her employer, Marion had focused. Evaluating alternatives is important as it provides other channels through which the problem shall be solved (Michael, 2011). The next solution would be to look for another receptionist that can cover Lisa’s tasks during the specific hours and days that Lisa would not be able to make it to the office on time. The alternative secretary should be able to solve the problem arising between the employee and her employer. Lastly, Lisa could be transferred to another department or position that would be less demanding and allow her to have time to further her studies and take care of her mother. The first solution can prove to be cumbersome and chaotic for both Lisa and her employer. Marion might end up with another receptionist who may not be competent and conversant with the workings at the office. Lisa will also be significantly inconvenienced as she would have to reorganize her program altogether. The next solution of employ another secretary would have adverse effects on the company’s financial reserves and slow down work in Marion’s’ office. Transferring Lisa to another department would also mean numerous inconveniences for her as she adjusts to the new settings, work description and employer. Negotiation is successful only when both parties accept the agreement (Forsyth and Kay, 2008 p. 89). Therefore, Marion should accept the terms as this would leave both parties satisfied. Justification In this situation, the best solution would be one that offers the least discomfort and disruption of lifestyle to both parties. Michael (2011) argues that â€Å"†¦in a principled negotiation process, the focus is on the interests behind the position† (line 38). Marion, the employer should accept to take up an assistant receptionist. In this way, Lisa would still be able to accompany her mother for therapy and attend her evening classes. However, the following aspects should be stressed. The hiring of an assistant receptionist does not mean that Lisa’s responsibilities and expectations will be lowered or reduced in any way. Lisa would still be expected to show up and leave at a certain time agreed between her and her employer. The assistant’s main role is to cover for Lisa and, therefore, her services would be necessary on the hours that Lisa would be absent. In the short term, Marion would have a hard time as the new assistant would have a difficult time getting used to the program and being productive. Marion would also have to allocate increased company funds to pay the assistant and furnish her desk and other related expenses. However, in the long term, the public relations office will be more streamlined and effective in performing its duties because of two factors. One, Lisa and her assistant would be more organized and coordinate in their operations at the office. Their combined contributions would lead to a higher turnover for the company (Kochan Bruce, 2003). Therefore, this solution may seem disadvantageous in the short term, but in the long term, it is a relatively cheap and easy way to invest in the future of her receptionists, solve some of the issues plaguing Lisa and organize the office demands. This solution is also fair as Goldman Shapiro (2012) argue that negotiation â€Å"†¦makes a situation fair† (p29) The game theory element in the negotiation theory can be used to explain why this solution was the most appropriate. Game theory proposes the employing of mixed strategies of conflict and cooperation in varying levels to achieve a compromise that is satisfactory to both parties. In this case, Marion who is Lisa’s employer needs to choose slight cooperation with her situation but also ensure that her productivity does not deteriorate. Therefore, the assistant receptionist would represent Marion’s decision to cooperate with Lisa. In return, this would have the effect of increasing her morale and result in higher output in the workplace. The game theory has the advantage of providing wholesome solutions when applied (Mannix et al, 2011). According to Fells (2012), one crucial feature of most negotiations is the need for reciprocity. He states â€Å"†¦reciprocity is a feature of many social interactions including negotiations. What one party does tend to be matched or reciprocated by the other.† (Fells, 2012) Implementation and Conclusion The solution will be implemented in two phases. The first phase will involve the orientation period where the assistant secretary will be guided through the office schedule, protocols and procedures by a joint team consisting of Lisa and any other human resource officer. This grace period should last for a maximum of a month after which the assistant should be fully settled and well briefed on the daily operations in the office. The next phase is the most critical one. At this stage, Lisa can adopt the new schedule that would allow her to conduct her personal businesses (studying and tacking care of her mother) without the hindsight that there is unfinished work at the office. During this period, the employer will also be closely monitoring both employees to ensure that the new system is correctly implemented. Other areas that may need reform would be human resource and finance departments that would have to include the new employee into their records. In summary, the problem existe d between Lisa and Marion, her employer. The issue of time management had created a conflict between Lisa and her employer. The solution arrived at was to employ an assistant secretary and this enabled the office to be more efficient. Luecke (2010) asserts that negotiations officially end â€Å"†¦with some form of resolution. Resolution might take the form of one party walking away†¦a written agreement may be signed, complete with enforcement mechanisms† (Luecke, 2010, p.34). References David C. (2010). ‘Getting to yes’ through negotiation. The Quill, 98(1), 37. Fells, R. E. (2012). Effective negotiation: From research to results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Forsyth, P., Kay, F. (2008). The art of successful business communication. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. Gatchalian, J. C. (1998). Principled negotiations – a key to successful collective bargaining. Management Decision London Then Bradford-, 36, 222-225. Goldman, B., Shapiro, D. L. (2012). The psychology of negotiations in the 21st century workplace: New challenges and new solutions. New York: Routledge. Kochan T., Bruce. D. L. (2003). Negotiations and Change: From the Workplace to Society. Ithaca. N.Y. Cornell University Press. Luecke, R. (2010). Best practice workplace negotiations. New York: American Management Association Lyons, C. (2007). I win, You win: The essential guide to principled negotiation. London: A C Black. Mannix, E. A., Neale, M. A., Overbeck, J. R. (2011). Negotiation and groups. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Michael L. (2011). Don’t leave good business on the table: Five strategies to negotiate win-win deals. Agency Sales, 41(5), 34.

Community of practice. What is a community of practice and what Essay

Community of practice. What is a community of practice and what benefits might it bring to an organisation - Essay Example This paper would discuss the community of practice and how it has benefitted organizations over the passage of time. Moreover, it would elaborate over the challenges faced by knowledge-based communities with the advent of the concept of community of practice.With the passage of time and the advancement in technologies, there is more and more pressure over organizations to maintain a competitive advantage over the rivals. For this purpose, it is becoming increasingly important to make efficient use of the resources of the organization. Among the most important resources of the organization come the Human resources. Hence, there are increasing efforts to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the workers. This paper would discuss the community of practice and how it has benefitted organizations over the passage of time. Moreover, it would elaborate over the challenges faced by knowledge-based communities with the advent of the concept of community of practice. DISCUSSION The articl e written by Lauren Keller Johnson (2006) entitled Are you getting the most from your knowledge workers? discussed relevant issues pertaining to managing knowledge workers. According to Serrat (2008), knowledge worker is unique and distinct as this type is described as â€Å"someone who is employed because of his or her knowledge of a subject matter, rather than ability to perform manual labor. They perform best when empowered to make the most of their deepest skills†. ... Communities of practice enable workers to work with others with the same purpose and while creating value through the community of knowledge sharing. Some of the benefits of a community of practice would be described in the following lines. Community of practice promotes and enhances a learning environment for all the stakeholders, according to Johnson (2001) â€Å"the learning that evolved from these communities is collaborative, in which the collaborative knowledge of the community is greater than any individual knowledge† (Johnson 2001: 34). Community of practice promotes the formation of synergies, raises the capabilities of the workforce by gaining insight from one another. The practice also inculcates new information, knowledge and skills of the workers into the corporate culture with the help of knowledge sharing and learning. Furthermore, community of practice endorses innovation and expertise, it connects people from different backgrounds, with diverse knowledge and i ncreases the level of trust as well as motivation enabling them to pool their knowledge and know how in solving business problems that require information across different subjects. The ongoing interactions through a knowledge based environment helps in coordination, organization and development of initiatives across various domains of knowledge. It fosters a sense of belonging among the workers which increases the morale while building the capabilities and knowledge of the workers. Moreover, Community of practice encourages neo-apprenticeship style of learning and nurtures professional and personal development of workers. Community of practice aids in the improvement of business outcomes, it helps in