Just A Story Essays - Frank Sinatra, Grammy Legend Award

Only A Story Albert viewed through the window of his fourth floor condo as she emptied some staple goods from the rear of her Oldsmobile. He murmured, and left the window to water the plant he had named after her. In the event that he rushed, he could advance down to the letter drop while she was on her way into the structure, as he pondered doing each Wednesday when she did her shopping for food, yet the idea of addressing her made him queasy and his knees shuddered wildly. This evening would have been simply the night, he told. He would ask her to supper. He would simply stroll up the steps and ring her doorbell, and bring her daisies. Not long before eight o'clock, on the grounds that he realized she would be home. She was consistently home for the most recent scene of Murder, She Wrote, as he knew on the grounds that he could hear the signature tune booming through his paper-slight roof, each Wednesday at eight o'clock. He pressed his khakis trying to look simply ideal for the event, and ran a search over the non-existing hair on his head. He could hear her strolling up the steps, and Albert envisioned her popping popcorn for her preferred network show, and cleaning up from a taxing day at the coffeehouse. He had never really been inside the bistro, however rather watched her work from outside the huge window. He observed the various clients inside ? development laborers on mid-day breaks, agents sitting alone with the New York Times, and the women who play Bridge and display their new nail trims ? all tasting cappuccinos that she had poured, and eating up French Toast that she had effortlessly conveyed to the table. Today around evening time was his opportunity to address her like the men who drink her espresso, just this would be unique. All things considered, he had even picked her daisies. He trembled simply pondering it, and contemplated how he ought to present himself. He strolled into his room to look through his storage room for the ideal shirt to wear when eight o'clock drew nearer. As the sun set, Albert could hear Frank Sinatra playing from her condo above and endeavored to quiet his nerves by gazing out the window as the stars showed up in the sky. Perhaps he would prepare treats for her to burn through a tad of time ? chocolate chip, similar to the ones he had smelled consuming from her loft a day or two ago. He emptied flour into a bowl and chimed in with Sinatra. He blended a pack of chocolate chips into the bowl to the musicality of the music and considered how cheerful she'd be. He broke an egg into the bowl and out of nowhere, he not, at this point heard the music or strides from above. As he kept on gazing out the window, he saw two figures connecting arms as they strolled through the parking garage. His eyes broadened and he out of nowhere acknowledged why the music had quit playing. There she was, in the parking garage, with a man in a suit, and she in a blue dress with her long hair stuck up in the back. They started to tango under the stars, among the vehicles in the part, and the man delivered a red rose from his coat pocket. Albert took a gander at the daisies he had picked only for her, and cleaned a tear from his cheek. He kept on looking out the window as they continued to move in the quiet of the night, and gave no consideration to the egg yolk that dribbled down his recently pressed khakis. Experimental writing

The brain :: essays research papers

Occipital, Frontal, and Temporal Lobes The occipital projections are the focal point of our visual recognition framework. They are not especially defenseless against injury in light of their area at the rear of the mind, albeit any huge injury to the cerebrum could deliver unobtrusive changes to our visual-perceptual framework, for example, visual field imperfections and scotomas. The Peristriate district of the occipital projection is associated with visuospatial handling, segregation of development and shading separation (Westmoreland et al., 1994). Harm to the other side of the occipital projection causes homonomous loss of vision with precisely the equivalent "field cut" in the two eyes. Scatters of the occipital flap can cause visual mental trips and deceptions. Visual mental trips (visual pictures with no outer boosts) can be brought about by injuries to the occipital locale or transient projection seizures. Visual hallucinations (misshaped discernments) can appear as articles seeming bigger or lit tler than they really are, objects lacking shading or items having strange shading. Injuries in the parietal-fleeting occipital affiliation region can cause word visual impairment with composing impedances (alexia and agraphia) (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, 1991). Frontal Lobe The Frontal Lobe is liable for discernment and memory. The prefrontal territory enables one to focus, judgment and restraint just as character and enthusiastic characteristics. The premotor territory is liable for capacity of willful exercises and engine designs. The engine region gives deliberate engine movement. Language is an engine discourse. Transient Lobe Area of the transient projection is close to the sanctuaries simply over the ear waterway. Elements of the worldly projection are to: Control hearing; from birth a child can hear totally. The worldly projection in the cerebrum is completely evolved before the infant is conceived. Language use; talking is firmly connected to hearing, and since individuals can hear they respond by utilizing language as methods for correspondence. Feelings, particularly dread has an influence in this job. Some intricate parts of vision, including the capacity to see examples, for example, faces. At the point when the transient projection is harmed it causes:  ·     Deficits or impediments in comprehension and fathoming expressed words  ·     May cause an absence of dread if the enthusiastic reactions are done working (an individual seeing a snake may not be apprehensive on the grounds that they don’t comprehend what the item even is)

Design Thinking A Catalyst for Classroom Change

Design Thinking A Catalyst for Classroom Change Design thinking is a powerful way to teach students how to become thoughtful, engaged problem-solvers and future leaders. Design thinking is a concept that originated in the 1960s, when it first emerged in the field of architecture design (hence the name). The idea centers on employing a unique process to identify and solve problems through core steps: empathizing with our target audience, defining the problem, ideating possible solutions, prototyping a solution, and then testing that solution to find ways to iterate and improve. In recent years, design thinking has caught fire among educators who understand just how much we need to prepare our students for an uncertain future. While we cultivate problem-solving skills among our students, we must also cultivate problem-finding abilities. And while we can encourage our students to achieve excellence, we can also coach them to think about how their efforts can serve others in their community. Design thinking is a powerful way to accomplish this. In its focus on defining and solving problems, design thinking reminds us to put the person we’re serving at the center of our decision making. In the classroom, we can teach students to become engaged citizens and thoughtful leaders â€" not just by expressing themselves and their opinions but by listening and learning to those around them, and developing something to improve their lives. As educators, we can also invigorate our learning communities if we consider ourselves designers, dedicated to building off small prototypes that are meant to improve the experience of our learners. So how can you begin integrating design thinking into your classroom? Build first. You don’t have to start the process from the top with interviews or observations. I have found students new to the design mindset will get impatient with the “thinking” component. Instead, start by presenting a challenge for your students and ask them to “build” a solution to it. For example, you can always ask your students to quickly prototype a new layout for your classroom, or you can challenge them to create a new organizational system for classroom supplies. After they build a prototype, have some of your students observe how others are using the new layout or system. That’s when you’ll incorporate the empathy-driven aspect, and you’ll also get them thinking about how they might iterate their designs based on how they see others responding to them. Tap into regularly scheduled activities. While I love a six-week long design project that integrates with my learning standards, you don’t need to jump straight into adding design thinking into your lesson plans. Look at your students’ schedules and determine if there may be an opportunity to evaluate or improve. Perhaps you always feel rushed during the morning process of getting students settled and starting class. Could they help design a different morning routine? Or, if you have a holiday like Valentine’s Day coming up, engage students in empathy-driven design to create a gift to take home to a family member or friend. Center projects around student passions. Teachers consistently design for their students. Invoke design thinking by exploring what makes students excited. For instance, if your kids are excited about an upcoming class guest, challenge them to think about what would make that guest enjoy their experience. Have them prepare questions to ask the guest before he/she arrives to inform your planning, role play or storyboard scenarios for how the class could interact with the guest, prototype how you will set up the room, and finally, ask the guest for feedback after the visit. Alternatively, maybe library time is a highlight of their day. Can they deploy their emerging empathic abilities to design a recommended reading list for younger students? Keep it simple. You don’t need a huge budget, 3D printers, or fancy supplies to incorporate design thinking into your classroom. In fact, you can amplify the creativity you ask of your students by giving them everyday office supplies to prototype their design solutions. Some of the most creative and interesting design solutions I’ve seen students develop have started as models made out of paperclips, post-it notes, and crayons. Tap into the design thinking community. There is an expansive design thinking community online, which offers many great resources. Here are just a few to get you started: Stanford d.school offers an array of toolkits and starter projects for you and your students to get acquainted with design methodologies and mindsets. The Teacher's Guild by IDEO is a community of teacher-designers who collaborate on design challenges relevant to improving student experience. Leadership+Design offers empowering learning experiences for educators who want to develop the habits, skills, and mindsets of designers and innovators. You can also follow the #dk12chat conversation on Twitter. While exploring new teaching styles can be challenging, design thinking is both invigorating and liberating for all involved. And the best part: We can have a lasting impact on our children if we cultivate the habits, mindsets, and skill sets that they can learn through this process.   How do you feel about design thinking? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Author Bio: Joe Romano (@romano47) is a Library Media Specialist at Annie Wright Schools, where is also teaches Humanities and Architecture and Design.

Solar Energy Advantages And Disadvantages - 749 Words

Solar energy advantages and also drawbacks will be your basic aspect to consider when thinking about installing a brand new system. Though the benefits and drawbacks of solar energy is usually different for different folks and different applications or areas, many of them tend to be the similar. Solar panel technology advantages and disadvantages are generally affected generally by normal occurrences, identical to conventional utility sources. These good and bad points provide a fine starting place for those considering your solar power venture because of their home or industrial building. Solar energy advantages are generally umpteen as it is but not only affordable but also numerous! Photovoltaics, or the process of transforming light†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the use of solar energy panels is environmentally friendly. Solar energy panels, also called photovoltaic panels, are made of materials that concentrate the suns rays. When the suns rays struck a PV panel, a number of the energy can be consumed by the panel. Electric power generated by solar energy would not cause any such carbon dioxide. Electricity that is constructed from coal can result in quite a lot of waste and pollution. Power from the sun improves air quality due to the fact fumes from kerosene bulbs and other fuel solutions are being used a smaller amount. On the other hand, solar power electricity does not incur any kind of repetitive expenses, instead just an up-prominent expenditure for the individual solar panel system, which usually produces your own electrical energy. Once the system is set up, there wont be any more electricity bills. Alternative types of energy are needed to be able to prick our dependency on essential oil, because oil is probably finite and the cheap options for oil seem to be running out at least below our fresh technological capacities. Oil, on the other hand, is just not renewable. It takes millions of years to form. Gas and natural gas tend to be dangerously vulnerable in times of rental destruction, leaving many starving, cold and in deprecating ailments. At present, oil stores are being depletedShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Photo-Catalysts And Pec Techniques For Solar Hydrogen Energy1292 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT : Clean and renewable energy carrier technology has continually developed along with the increase in public awareness of green-house gases emission and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. Photo-catalysts and photoelectrochemical (PEC) techniques for water splitting are promising technology for solar hydrogen production to build a sustainable, renewable and clean energy economy. This paper is aimed at highlighting advantages and disadvantages of photo-catalysts and PEC techniques for waterRead MoreEarths Natural Energy Sources Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Renewable energy is energy produced from natural resources such as, wind, sunlight, rain, tides and geothermal heat which can be re-used or replenished. Natural energies (renewable energies) have its advantages and disadvantages. The reliance on fossil fuel is reduced by the sources of renewable energy. Though the use of natural sources has many advantages over the use of fossil fuels, the cost of investment for it can be too high for some people. In this project, I will be highlightingRead MoreFossil Fuels Advantages And Disadvantages1399 Words   |  6 Pageshas been one energy source that has dominated the world for a long time, fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are an energy source that includes coal, natural gas, and oil. Fossil fuels have been used for a long time because of their energy output. The downside is that is very harmful to the environment, so that is why we have renewable sources that are eco-friendly. Renewable energies still have not won the favor of the crowd because fossil fuel use is still much higher than renewable energy. The topics thatRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Renewable Energy1710 Words   |  7 Pagesour environment, alternative energy has become a source of energy that is an alternative to the problem that these fossil fuels have caused our Earth. Alternative energy are renewable and is considered to be free energy sources (Alternative Energy). All alternative energy sources have lower c arbon emissions when being compared to conventional energy sources. These sources include Biomass Energy, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Hydroelectric Energy (Alternative Energy). With the use of recyclingRead MoreRenewable Energy And Solar Energy Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagespertaining to the idea of solar renewable energy. Within the research, I will look to inform the reader on advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. Also, how solar energy will affect human in later years in the universe. Once research is conducted the report will then be organized into an informational report. The informational report will be shared with U.S solar marketers, John Barbour, and others whom are interested in knowing more information about solar energy. The main objective of thisRead MoreSolar Power : Advantages And Challenges Of Solar Energy1710 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Hunt Final Paper Solar Energy Solar energy is energy that is collected from the sun that is then turned into electricity. The most common medium for using solar power is the use of solar panels. Through the use of solar panels people can use that harnessed electricity to power their houses, household appliances, their cars, even their towns and cities. Before the use of solar power people were using other sources of energy such as wind, and hydroelectric energy. The use of wind is a niceRead MoreRenewable Energies : Renewable Energy980 Words   |  4 PagesRenewable Energies BHARC1403 - ICWS Rishabh Bhasin â€Æ' â€Å"I declare that this assessment is my own work and that the sources of information and material I have used (including the internet) have been fully identified and properly acknowledged as required in the referencing guidelines provided.† â€Æ' Introduction Renewable sources of energy are the ones that can never be exhausted as they are provided by nature. For example- solar, hydro, wind, biomass. They produce little or no pollution and henceRead MoreSources Of Alternative Energy Sources926 Words   |  4 PagesAlternate Energy Sources Alternative energy sources are becoming more and more popular. The most important alternative energy sources are solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean, and hydropower energies. Their main advantage lies in the resumption of energy resources. This paper will give information about each of sources as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Solar energy The Sun is a leading environmentally clean energy source. The process of generating electricity from sunlight has beenRead MoreRenewable Energy : Alternative Energy1559 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative energy can be defined as Energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. When thinking about alternative energy sources we generally focus on the main types: nuclear, solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These are things that mainly do not cause pollution and are very environmentally friendly (Alternative Energy). Alternative energy is thought to be renewable and â€Å"free.† Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, SolarRead MoreIntroduction: Now days the renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various energy like sun energy , wind energy and water energy. The sun energy is one of the best of these energies so, we can benefit from it in so many purpose and ways , like the case in solar cars. Presently , the solar cars are available in a lot of countries. Since, they have many benefits and advantages. Therefor, in this essay I am going to talk about the solar car, its component , advantages and disadvantages of it and development

Essay on the Knights Tale - 1622 Words

Discuss Questions The Knights Tale. 1. Do you admire Palamon and Arcite for sacrificing everything, including their friendship, to pursue Emily? Or, like Theseus, do you think its sort of stupid? 2. Are Palamon and Arcite two different characters, or the same character in two different bodies? 3. Why is Emily the only character whose prayer to the gods is not granted. The Canterbury Tales: The Knights Tale Theme of love and order that is combined The Knights Tale shows what happens when the rules of two different systems – chivalry and courtly love – come into conflict with one another. Palamon and Arcite have sworn a knightly oath to be loyal to one another, but they both fall in love with the same girl. The problem is,†¦show more content†¦But the placement of this metaphor next to very literal (and sometimes gory) deaths brings out the similarities between these two kinds of death in an original way. Questions 1. How do these characters feel about Dying? Powerless, scared 2. What does death symbolize to these characters? The unknown where they do not have the power. The Canterbury Tales: The Knights Tale Theme of Suffering In The Knights Tale, suffering takes multiple forms, both physical and mental. Palamon and Arcite suffer a lot from their love for Emily. Their love afflicts them like an illness, or an arrow that pierces them through the eyes and stabs its way into their hearts. (Hey, dont look at us like that. Thats how the narrator describes it.) At various points, both men declare that they are suffering so much wo for love that they think theyre going to die. Its not just our two heroes that suffer, though. Other, lesser characters suffer too. Theres the lamenting women whose husbands bodies Creon refuses to bury, not to mention all of the people of Athens, who scratch their faces and tear out their hair when they hear of Arcites death. In most cases, characters in The Knights Tale express their mental anguish physically, by comparing it to illness or physical wounds, or by actually wounding their bodies (the face-scratching and hair-pulling would fall into this category). In this way, The Knights Tale points out thatShow MoreRelatedKnights Tale Essay875 Words   |  4 Pages10/27/11 The Knight’s Tale Essay In the beginning of the movie Will is just a peasant, squire but by the end of the movie, upon finding his newfound talent of jousting, he transformed is his social status from peasant to royalty by becoming a knight. In the beginning of the movie, The Knight’s Tale, William Thatcher and his two friends, Wat and Roland, start off as three ordinary squires. Right before a jousting match their knight that they serve dies; with their knight dead there is noRead MoreKnight And Squire In The Canterbury Tales Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales were written by Geoffrey Chaucer the 1300s, and told the story of twenty-nine travelers making a pilgrimage to Canterbury, England. The pilgrims wished to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket, in the Canterbury Cathedral. In the prologue, the narrator depicts each character and their demeanor. Two particular characters in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the Knight and Squire, help to exemplify the idea that wisdom and respect come with experience and age. The Knight’s wisdom andRead MoreThe Heroic and Honorable Knight in The Canterbury Tales Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesKnights are one of the most mistaken figures of the medieval era due to fairytales and over exaggerated fiction novels. When medieval knights roamed the earth, it was known that they were only human and, like humans, had faults. These knights did not always live up to the standards designated by society. However, in The Canterbury Tales, the knight is revealed as a character that would now be considered a knight in shining armor, a perfect role model in how he acts and what he does. Modern day peopleRead MoreEssay on Knight in Shinning Armour in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales696 Words   |  3 PagesThe Knight in Shinning Armour in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Chaucers The Canterbury Tales offers the reader an insight into our past, providing vivid glimpses into the 14th centurys social structure, and into the personalities, lives, and ethics of twenty-eight members of that society drawn together to travel on a pilgrimage. The General Prologue to the Tales deals primarily with introducing these people to us, providing physical descriptions and character outlines of virtuallyRead MoreOutline Of Grendel And The Green Knight1013 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Green Knight I. Introduction II. Grendel’s Malicious Ways a. Why He Does What He Does b. Grendel’s Demise c. Symbol Grendel Wishes To Represent III. Green Knight’s Ways a. The Challenge at Hand b. Results of the Conflict c. Sir Gawain’s Repentance of Shame IV. The Unseen Pattern a. Beowulf’s Lesson? b. Sir Gawain’s Lesson c. Who gets more out of the Journey? V. Conclusion Russ Williams 19 September 2015 Dr. Daniel Pigg Out of Class Essay #1 Grendel and the Green Knight After going overRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By Chaucer Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesmannerisms of his pilgrims. This descriptive prologue reveals the state of the pilgrims and offers a glimpse into their nature. The focus of this essay is to explore the Wife of Bath, her character, appearance, and tale. For the purpose of establishing a correlation between; the perceptions of the other pilgrims, the Wife’s apparent nature, and the tone of her tale. Slade suggest that Chaucer intended the Wife as an ironic character (247). A perspective that is supported by Chaucer’s treatment of the WifeRead MoreCanterbury Tales1291 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Test In The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, each character, such as the Pardoner, Wife of Bath, and the Franklin, epitomizes their spirit and reputation through the tales they tell. The Pardoner uses his tale as a gimmick to make money, because he is a greedy man. The way his tale illustrates each sin, every listener can relate to the three brothers and feel their guilt. The Wife of Bath’s Tale expresses her own values in the way the Knight is given a second chance after raping theRead MoreThe Perfection Of The Knight In The General Prologue Of1128 Words   |  5 Pages The perfection of the knight in The General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales represents an idealized form of chivalry. Through exhaustive conquest and moderate temperament, the knight embodies chivalric qualities that elevate him to an idealized state. Moreover, the knight is temperamentally moderate despite his martial successes and his merit is unmatched by any other knight. Being in such high prestige, the knight has inherent discretional rights in deciding what is or isn’t true knighthood.Read MoreChaucer s The Wife Of Bath s Prologue And Tale1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tactics Chaucer Uses in â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale: To Point Out the Faults in His Society After reading Chaucer’s work: â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale†, and having been exposed to different interpretations of it, it is now to my knowledge that there have been many critical works that suggests opinions and thoughts about how to interpret both the tale and prologue. There have also been questions asked─one being, â€Å"so, did we actually figure out what women really want†, and the answer toRead MoreThe Idea of Honor in Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and The Franklins Tale673 Words   |  3 PagesThis essay compares the conception honor in Geoffrey Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and The Franklins Tale from The Canterbury Tales. The problem of honor seems to be timeless in its difficulties. There are many ideas and opinions concerning this delicate subject, which always is popular, along with its ability to frustrate and perplex the human. During the time of Chaucer, females such as the Wife of Bath were asserting their rights aga inst the forces of male chauvinism. Apparently,

Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay Free Essays

â€Å" Childs are cherished gifts from God in whom He has planted His really image. Children from the youngest age deserve regard non merely on history of whom they represent but besides on history of who they will finally go † Comenius cited from Early childhood instruction page 90 What are the past beginnings and philosophical constructs of childhood? Has the society ever treated the kid as a ‘whole individual ‘ , given him or her the necessary position in society? Was there a break-through in outlook? The intent of this essay is, to assist me place and derive an apprehension to see whether childhood became an established and recognized clip of life for the kid throughout the centuries. Personally, I believe that, all kids deserve an chance to turn out their capablenesss and that they should be respected as persons. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, until around the 12th century, European society did non believe of childhood as an of import period of development, in the mode that we do today. Children were non cherished as persons. In the Middle Ages, kids had no position in society, and were considered as illumination grownups. Children were trained to go the future productive members of the society or community. Furthermore, the immature kids were non expected to necessitate any particular intervention. However, this quiet attitude, reflected profoundly in the deficiency of schools available. The possibility of holding proper instruction was distant, and considered to be an excessive luxury tantrum merely for male childs coming from affluent households. Children ‘s public assistance and rights were still non recognised or acknowledged. But society ‘s political orientation towards the construct of childhood changed bit by bit from clip to clip. Research shows that finally, kids stopped being considered as a n add-on part to their households ‘ fiscal economic system. Thankss to the enterprise attempts and work of influential international figures, new constructs of childhood were introduced. New systems and reforms were established to give position to the kid. Towards the 20th century instruction replaced child-labour. Unlike old centuries, society acknowledged the assets of the kid ‘s educational part, instead than his fiscal input. Since so, instruction became the chief component of childhood, and has become a necessity. Much can be said about the 20 first century where, individuality and creativeness are synonymous with early childhood. Surveies into the history of childhood during the medieval times This was non ever the instance, as one of the most controversial issues of the survey of childhood ‘s history is whether or non kids were treated as illumination grownups. Early surveies into the history of childhood were those of Rams Philippe ( 1962 ) , Centuries of Childhood and De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) The History of Childhood. Both historiographers came to a decision and stated that the kids ‘s public assistance has evolved significantly throughout the centuries.A Both historiographers, image a really negative image of childhood, in the earlier period. Lloyd De Mause ( 1976 ) went every bit far as stating that ; A † The history of childhood is a incubus from which we have merely late begun to rouse, † Furthermore he stated that ; â€Å" The farther back in history one goes, the lower the degree of kid attention, and the more likely kids are to be killed, abandoned, crush, terrorized, and sexually abused † . Lloyd De Mause, ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood ( London, 1976 ) . On the other manus Rams pointed out and supported this thought by stating that, â€Å" It is difficult to believe that this disregard was due to incompetence or incapacity ; it seems more likely that there was no topographic point for childhood in the mediaeval universe. â€Å" ( Aries, 2002, p.33 ) Furthermore, in his book ‘Centuries of childhood ‘ , he continues to prolong this statement by stating that â€Å" there was no construct of childhood as a stateA different to adulthood in these centuries, and hence, even if parents did experience fondness for their progeny, they did non to the full understand how to react to the emotional demands of their kids. ‘ . Aries, Philippe, 1962, Centuries of Childhood, New York: Random House However, this statement was strongly challenged by Hawalt et Al ( 1986 ) . To turn out her point she researched corner inquest records where it was concluded that mediaeval households did in fact make a differentiation between being a kid and an grownup. Hawalt ( 1986 ) Hwang, P.C. , in Lamb, ME. , and Sigel I.E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1996 ) Images of Childhood. London: Routledge David Archard ( 2001 ) , besides agrees with this sentiment. He argues that â€Å" all societies at all times have had the construct of childhood, that is to state, the construct that kids can be distinguished from grownups in assorted ways † Archard D. , in Heywood. C ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2001 ) A history of Childhood. USA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Linda Pollack, ( 1983 ) in her strict research criticised badly all the sentiments of Rams and de Mause and argues that childhood was non every bit austere as it was implied by these two authors. She continues to prolong her point and says, that the parents ever treated their kids in the same manner and that there was no alteration at all during this period. Furthermore, she argues that childhood did non germinate much during this period. A † The texts reveal no important alteration in the quality of parental attention given to, or the sum of fondness felt for babies for the period 1500-1900 † Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children – Parent: Child Relationss from 1500-1900 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ) . It is deserving reflecting that, there are different sentiments of how childhood was perceived throughout the centuries. In order to find this, it is of import to set up if there was a alteration, how it changed, and the concluding result of this alteration. The alteration through History â€Å" Any state and people that truly believes attending to kids ‘s attention and instruction during the early old ages is of incomputable value to society would do every sensible attempt to put in preschool instruction ‘ Early on Childhood Education diary, Vol 32, no 3 December 2004 ( c2004 ) Blended perspectives A Global vision for high Quality E.C.E. Between the 16th and seventeenth century ( pre-industrial period ) , England was chiefly rural and agricultural. During their childhood, childs worked in the Fieldss. If they could non work on their households ‘ farm, they were put to work elsewhere. The modern thought of separating childhood from maturity, started to develop throughout the 16th century. Middle category parents began to demand some signifier of formal educational system for their boies. Consequently, schooling for male childs started acquiring popular. This radical societal attitude towards kids and childhood, now requested new educational commissariats. The figure of new schools began spread outing throughout Europe. Parents preferred that their kids attended school, than directing them to larn accomplishments. By the terminal of the 16th century, and beginning of the seventeenth century, society started dividing the function of a kid from that of an grownup. Grown-ups did non waver to demo this alteration. This new construct of childhood put upper category kids in the spotlight, and they shortly became a beginning of amusement among grownups. They were dressed stylish apparels and were the delectation of their parents. However, another perceptual experience of the construct of childhood shortly arose amongst the church and the moralists, who felt the importance of religious development during these early old ages. They thought that kids needed subject and instruction: the kid was perceived as â€Å" a delicate animal, who must be protected, educated, and moulded in conformity with the current educational beliefs and ends † . ( Aries, 2002, p.35 ) However, during the Victorian age, the idea of holding any primary instruction was still non of import. Britain was still short of any primary educational proviso. The Victorian epoch has been depicted by historiographers, as a foundation of the modern construct of childhood. Paradoxically, during this period, the Industrial revolution promoted child labor. During this epoch, the industrial Revolution brought on new occupations. They worked daily in coal mines and mills. They carried out risky occupations. Children were ideal for these occupations as they were nimble, and could creep into little topographic points between the heavy machines. They were paid less than grownups. Throughout their childhood, male childs and misss had no pick but to work hard, in order to assist their households. This was non considered mean or odd, because parents thought that work was of import for the fiscal state of affairs of their households. Throughout this clip, kids spent their childhood crammed in overcrowded suites and an unsanitary environment. All this resulted in bad wellness, hurts, and sometimes even decease. In his novels, Charles Dickens ( 1812 ) emphasizes on the badness of their childhood. Child manual labor was easy diminished and eventually stopped in Britain. This alteration was brought on through the debut of the mill Acts of 1802-1878. However, the idea of holding any primary instruction was non of import during the Victorian Age. Britain and all Europe were still short of any primary educational proviso. When mandatory instruction was introduced in the 19th century there was a despairing opposition from propertyless households. They needed the kids ‘s rewards and would non interchange them with instruction. Throughout history, many early childhood pedagogues struggled to better kids ‘s instruction and holistic demands. Historically they all sustained the same thought that of kids need drama to develop their maximal potency. These nevertheless is non to stipulate that all these influential figures were of the same sentiment about the instruction and theories of larning. They disagreed on several issues, but all emphasized on the critical importance of a multi-sensory attack to larning Froebel, Montessori and Steiner all agreed and set up touchable stuff which enabled the kid to research and detect the universe around them.. Some other innovators of early childhood assumed that kid ‘s development is to its upper limit because it is an innate accomplishment. Although their construct of kid ‘s development differed, Russeau, Piaget and Vygotsky all agreed that the kid ‘s features were portion of ‘nature ‘ . However, the work and attempt of early innovators contributed to the historical and philosophical alterations which finally improved the function of the kids in society. During the 17th and eighteenth century, â€Å" Monitorial † schools, established by the Quaker, Joseph Lancaster, and the New Lanark simple schools, founded by Robert Owen were the lone foundations which provided instruction for the babies. During this period there was still the thought that instruction throughout childhood was irrelevant. The bulk of the kids did non go to school, as it was non yet mandatory. Boys coming from affluent households had the lone chance for some official instruction. They were provided with simple instruction to assist them with basic literacy, and arithmetic. On the other manus, small misss in England, did non go to school, but stayed at place, to larn how to go good married womans. Disabled kids were besides capable to be neglected and forgotten. However it seems to be the instance, that it was really improbable for kids to hold good quality occupations when they became grownups. Lloyd de Mause ( 1976 ) supports this statement, and says that kid s grew up unable to compose or read. De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) . ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood: London, The Victorians bit by bit realised the importance of the function of the kid during childhood.. Influential reformists started going aware of the true construct of childhood. They started debating the development of kids. Politicians besides become sensitive to the fact that educating kids could be an plus to the future society. Since so this construct of childhood remained dominant in other societies. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) sustains this by â€Å" the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society † Nutbrown C. , Clough P. , and Selbie P ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education. , London: Sage publications Consequently, during the eighteenth and 19th centuries schools started being established by helpers and politicians who believed that society could be of an advantage by holding better educated kids. Furthermore Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) ‘Schools were being developed and systems devised and expanded, non merely by spiritual administrations and helpers, but besides of class by the socially and politically motivated who were driven, non by spiritual strong belief but by a belief that the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society Influential Figures and their doctrine of childhood Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf Many influential figures in history started altering the thoughts, the policies and wonts of how early instruction was perceived by society. Now, it was considered that educating kids would hold societal benefits. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 5, sustains this statement when she wrote and said ‘seeing instruction and schooling as portion of what we could name a societal intercession to do a difference to the lives of hapless and orphaned kids ‘ Some major influential figures who contributed in the development of early childhood instruction are brought up in this survey. Although their thoughts of childhood development were different all of them thought that the kid ‘s unconditioned inclinations and characteristic were portion of ‘nature ‘ and that larning should be by find and non by instructions. Comenius ( 1592-1670 ) , is credited for presenting the first illustration book for kids who was called: â€Å" Orbis Pictus ( The World of Pictures ) . He believed that kids needed images to assist them larn. His doctrine was based upon the thought that, kids should be permitted to play, learn and detect at their ain gait. He compared the kids to ‘seeds ‘ Selbie A ; Clough ( 2005 ) diary of early childhood research 2005, Sage Publications ( www.sagepublications.com ) Nutbrown C et Al ( 2010 ) pg 113 continues to prolong this and says, that they need a ‘guiding manus to assist them boom ‘ , and that ‘a kid can non be forced to larn ‘ and attentivenesss on to state that ‘A kid will bloom into the flower he or she was created to go ‘ . Furthermore, he believed in societal betterment of inclusive instruction where ‘all kids should have their instruction, whatever their gender and societal category ‘ . In Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2010 ) During the 18th century Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) , a philosopher, first wrote about ‘nurturing ‘ kids as opposed to the ‘repressive ‘ position taken at the clip ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004 ) . Rousseau renowned for his book Emilie, encouraged free drama. He focused on the encompassing scenes. His manner is still followed today in early childhood categories. Following on from his work, other theoreticians have developed changing attacks to the attention and instruction of kids. Pestalozzi ( 1746-1827 ) , Pestalozzi, born in Zurich, believed that kids should ‘discover the universe through activity ‘ . Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2001 ) Pg 112. His want was to educate the kid as a whole person. His involvements in kids ‘s rights makes him an of import focal point of historical and philosophical surveies. He was one of the primary laminitiss of inclusive instruction. He founded a school for misss in 1806. Robert Owen ( 1771-1858 ) , Robert Owen ( 1790 ) started the first simple schools for kids whose parents and older brothers worked in the New Lanark Mills. Furthermore, as stated in the book early childhood instruction, Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) he was ‘making an instruction of the community ‘ . He supported the passage of the Factory Act of 1819, and was the first from prohibiting instructors to hit kids. ‘I support a doctrine of instruction which does its best to cut down any demand for penalty ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) early childhood instruction Sage Publications Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , ‘Children must get the hang the linguistic communication of things before they master the linguistic communication of words ‘ Friedrich Froebel ( 1895 ) Pedagogies of the Kindergarten research publishing house on cyberspace. The Friedrich Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , a German pedagogue, was one of the early innovators of the reformation of childhood instruction. As an dreamer, he supported the thought, that every kid from birth had educational potency, and that a appropriate educational scene was imperative to assist the kid to go on to turn and develop his or her optimum potency. â€Å" Young kids are to be regarded and tended basically similar workss. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would turn and unfold and flower, by their ain jurisprudence, each harmonizing to its single capacity and fate. † ( Lawrence, 1969, p.195 ) Lawrence, E ( 1969 ) Friedrich Froebel and English Education London, Routledge A ; Kegan Paul Froebel believed that a kid should larn at his ain gait. The kid should ne’er be hurried or rushed in this childhood development. â€Å" Young animate beings and workss are given remainder, and arbitrary intervention with their growing is avoided, because it is known that the opposite pattern would upset their pure flowering and sound development ; but, the immature human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a ball of clay which adult male can model into what he pleases † ( Froebel, 1907, p. 8 ) . Froebel, F. ( 1907 ) The Education of Man New York, Appleton A ; Co Froebel s doctrine of instruction was besides based on the importance of drama during childhood through manipulative stuffs, creativeness and motor experience, the latter mentioning to larning through activities. He maintained the thought that a immature kid can merely larn through direct contact with touchable objects. ‘Children are born with a demand to play and research ‘ Nutbrown C et Al pg11 Early Childhood Education Froebel ‘s dream was to make a universe for small kids†¦ a universe which he called kindergarten. Harmonizing to Froebel, â€Å" drama is the freest active manifestation of the kid ‘s inner ego which springs from the demand of that interior life consciousness to recognize itself externally. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.116 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann In Froebel ‘s Kindergarten, activities through drama, enhanced a kid ‘s societal, emotional, physical and rational development. Play was the most of import stairss in the kid ‘s growing. In his surveies one of the most evident elements which fascinated Froebel was the kid innate want to play. â€Å" It is through drama that the kid learns the usage of his limbs, of all his bodily variety meats, and with this usage additions wellness and strength. Through drama he comes to cognize the external universe, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their gestures, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, iˆÂ ­ a cognition that forms the footing of that which will be his lasting stock for life. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.101 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann To prolong his doctrine, he provided the babies with educational playthings to excite their creativeness. Charlotte Mason 1842-1923 Another innovator was Charlotte Mason whose doctrine in educating was by allowing them use their ain senses and larn through experience. She besides encouraged place instruction. Rachel and Margaret Mc Millan ( 1859-1931 ) , The Macmillan Sisters ( 1859 ) dedicated their lives on advancing a combined sort of service, that of societal, wellness and instruction. This was to promote female parents to convey their kids to the baby’s room. Children stayed in well-supervised drama countries. They introduced wellness and societal public assistance in their kindergarten schools to cover with a holistic development of the kid. Rudolf Steiner ( 1861-1925 ) , an Austro-Hungarian philosopher believed that larning should be holistic. In his Waldorf schools, trades music and humanistic disciplines played an of import factor in the school ‘s course of study. Whereas, Montessori and Froebel focused on other facets of larning that of single find, Steiner based his thoughts on more societal facets. Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952 ) , Maria Montessori an Italian doctor, worked with hapless and mentally handicapped kids. She taught them self help accomplishments. Montessori besides believed that kids had an unconditioned ability to larn educational accomplishments. In the Montessori environment, kids were encouraged to rectify their ain errors, therefore allowing the kid to be reinforced positively and later will hold an internal satisfaction/ Whilst Froebel believed that concrete objects would besides learn abstract constructs, Maria Montessori believed that kids ‘s acquisition would steer and assist the kid to construct up a better hereafter. Her multi-sensory attack to acquisition is still really popular in kindergarten categories, presents. Susan Sutherland Isaacs ( 1885-1948 ) Another innovator, Susan Isaacs ‘ influence is experienced in nowadays schools. She established the ‘experimenting ‘ Malting House School in 1924. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 54 her doctrine highlighted the construct of ‘discovery ‘ acquisition and drama as the kid ‘s primary instruction. She besides believed in the ‘maximum usage of the out-of-doorss ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 107 Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980 Piaget ‘s doctrine besides respects kids as ‘independent scholars ‘ . He argues that kids learn from their self-generated engagement of activities. He besides emphasised the engagement of drama to heighten cognitive development, ‘Piaget viewed drama as a procedure in which the kid is active and through which the kid learns ‘ , ( O’Hagan and Smith, 1993, p.69 ) . O’Hagan, M. A ; Smith, M. ( 1993 ) Early Old ages Child Care and Education: Key Issues 2nd erectile dysfunction. China: Tindall Piaget spoke about kids during their childhood as being ‘egocentric ‘ , that is to state that because of their restricted cognition of the universe, they have problem understanding the point of position of others. His work presented much unfavorable judgment ; Donaldson ( 1978 ) in peculiar argued that many of Piaget ‘s research lacked relation to existent life. ( Donaldson 1978 ) . Donaldson, M. ( 1978 ) Children ‘s Minds London: Fontana Lev S.Vygotsky ( 1896-1971 ) , Another early theoretician who can be named as a ‘constructivist ‘ is Lev Vygotsky ( 1896-1934 ) . Whilst holding with Piaget that during their childhood, kids were ‘active ‘ scholars, he placed more weight on societal communicating with others, as a manner to excite acquisition. He introduced the ‘zone of proximal development ‘ , Although he besides believed that rational development was natural, he argued that a kid had to hold the counsel of grownups to achieve her optimum potency. ( MacLeod-Brudenell, 2004 ) . MacLeod-Brudenell, I. ( Ed ) ( 2004 ) Advanced Early Years Care and Education Oxford: Heinemann. It can be argued that, the doctrine of these historical figures can be correlated to their reading of the issue of ‘children ‘s rights ‘ . All these past innovators, and present research workers, agree on the fact that there is a really close similarity between the perceptual experience in the construct of childhood, and the claim to kids ‘s rights. All agree that kids have the right to larn. Jalango M.R. et Al, support this thought by saying that â€Å" All immature kids have a right to develop optimally, to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognised, and to hold their acquisition facilitated by caring grownups † Jalongo M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattnark. J. , Laverick D. M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended positions: A Global vision, † Early on Childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3 The construct that acquisition is a procedure which can non be hurried has been continuously echoed through clip by all innovators of Early Childhood instruction. Nowadays kids are continuously made to larn from printed out press releases. It is difficult for me to believe that immature babies can accomplish more from this formal instruction, than they do from experimenting with age- appropriate undertakings. My ideal kindergarten schoolroom is seeing kids experimenting with the nature around them, caring for pets and workss, originative picture, prosecuting themselves in function drama and above all acquiring messy. Acts and Legislations There is no responsibility more of import than guaranting that kids ‘s rights are respected, that their public assistance is protected, that their lives are free from fright and that they can turn up in peace. Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations It is argued that all kids ought to hold an equal chance to show their abilities and should be respected as persons. Unfortunately this was non ever the issue. In 1862, the Revised Code was established. Grants were given to simple schools harmonizing to the class of public presentation and abilities of its students. Gradually the life for hapless kids started altering. It took some clip for the present authorities to make up one’s mind that it was of import for the kids to be protected by jurisprudence. Child-labour was discussed in parliament, and it was established that no kid under the age of 10 was allowed to work in a mine. Parliament besides passed a jurisprudence necessitating kids to go to school every hebdomad. This was presented in parliament by Lord Shaftesbury who subsequently on founded and was president of the Ragged School Union. These ‘ragged schools ‘ were for hapless kids. However, school was non yet mandatory, and kids had to pay for this service. The Forster Education Act of 1870 came into force and required that all England would supply simple schools to immature kids. The Mundella Code of 1882 brough t on a large alteration. Finally, schooling became mandatory. All kids had to go to school till the age of 10 and subsequently on it became obligatory till the age of 12. Shortly after on, the school ‘s ‘pence ‘ fee was removed so now it was free for all. Discussions started in parliament, to make up one’s mind the age when a kid should get down go toing school. The thought of directing the kids a twelvemonth before other European states was brought up by Mundella. He addressed the parliament and said â€Å" I ask you Englishmen and Englishwomen are Austrian kids to be educated before English kids? † ( National Education League 1869:133 ) National Education League 1869:133 ) Report of the General Meetings of the Members of the National Education League. , Birmingham: National Education League After the Second World War, in Britain, the lessening in household siblings and the shuting down of kindergarten schools had lessened the chance for small kids to play and socialize. At that clip, the Local Education Authorities ( LEAs ) found it difficult to add to the figure of baby’s rooms, as the Ministry of Education Circular 8/60 said that there could be no addition in nursery school proviso. The deficit of LEA baby’s room topographic points and the uninterrupted addition of parental consciousness in the small kids ‘s well-being and instruction during their childhood, triggered a new kind of nursery proviso, that of baby’s room groups. In 1972, the Secretary of State for Education, Ms. Margaret Thatcher presented a White Paper, which planned for nursery twenty-four hours schools to be provided for the small kids. There was no turning back. Nowadays research shows that kids ‘s rights are recognised internationally. These have been acknowledged in most of the states, through both international and national pacts. The most of import Torahs which contributed to the rights of the kids are, The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Declaration of Human Rights, Children Act 1989, the Education Act 2002, Every Child Matters, and the new Childcare Act 2006 which is wholly devoted to early childhood pattern. Clearly now the kid is an active person who â€Å" can lend to society amongst others, and who are much more competent than we choose to believe, and at much younger ages excessively † . Freeman cited in King, ( 2007:210 ) King, M. ( 2007 ) Children ‘s rights to engagement. In Waller, T. ( 2007 ) An debut to Early Childhood. Paul Chapman: London The Establishment of Laws and Acts in Malta Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf During the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Malta, the huge bulk of Maltese households besides lived in great poorness. Childhood was non much different for Maltese kids. Boys, at a really early age, were sent to labor in Fieldss to assist their households whilst, misss helped their female parents at place. As the Maltese households were really hapless, the necessity to supply their kids with proper instruction was ne’er considered. During the British stay in Malta, the Governor Sir Henry F. Bouviere ( 1836-42 ) engaged Mr. John Austin the High Commission to make research about the state of affairs of the Maltese households. In the Commissioner ‘s study of 1836, Mrs. Sarah Austin commented on the Maltese kids and stated that: â€Å" The moral and rational part of the people is awful. No schools in the Casals, no tolerable instruction for the middling categories, a University whose first professor received ?25 a twelvemonth, no imperativeness, no topographic point for treatment, no intercourse with the English of an amicable and informative type- what wonder if they are nescient and infantile. The lone thing I can non understand is how life is sustained under these fortunes. † Quoted from Dr. David R. Marshall in History of the Maltese Language in Local Education ( Malta, University Press 1971 ) pg 13 In 1849, in Malta there were merely 30 primary schools, whilst in Gozo merely two little schools existed. Sir Patrick Joseph Keenan, the Commissioner who was in charge of composing a study about the instruction of kids in Malta, in 1881 besides suggested ‘payment harmonizing to consequences obtained by kids ‘ . Teachers were paid harmonizing to the consequences, which were obtained by the kids. These had to sit for an test which was given by the ‘inspector ‘ . This system was used in Malta boulder clay 1900. J. Zammit Mangion provinces ; ‘The dictatorship of reading and authorship and calculation was now complete†¦ The kids were trained like arrow to bark at print ‘ . J Zammit Mangion, in op.cit. p.135. In the early 20th century ( 1927 ) a study was carried out in Malta, and Pawlu F. Bellanti ( 1901 ) stated that, â€Å" the fact that about 50 per cent of the lifting coevals are turning up without any kind of preparation or direction is of excessively serious a nature to be left unnoticed. † Bellanti P.F. , Census of the Maltese Islands taken on the Sunday the 31st March, 1901, under Ordinances no X of 1900 and NoIII of 1901, ( Malta Government Printing Office, 1903 ) p.LVII In 1944 the Education act gave rise to the creative activity of other schools and in 1981 the creative activity of particular educational demands schools. The Education Act in Malta came into force in 1988. It declared that obligatory instruction commences at the age of 5 old ages. It besides declared that it was the duty of every parent of a kid to do certain that their baby had to go to school everyday during the whole scholastic twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system It was a interruption through for all the kids. Inclusive instruction was besides a large issue and the Maltese National Minimum Curriculum ( 1999 ) , dedicates a subdivision to early childhood instruction and acknowledges inclusive Education as one of the basic rules in instruction. By contrast to old centuries, a kid with a disablement now attends a mainstream kindergarten, with other kids. In 2000 The Equal Opportunities Act was established in ParliamentInfo. The Equal Opportunities Act ( 2000 ) spoke about inclusion and stated that it was against the jurisprudence for an educational entity to know apart against handicapped kids hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system My memories of childhood â€Å" All immature kids have the right to develop optimally to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognized and to hold their acquisition installations by caring grownups † Jalango M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattmark. J. , Laverick De Anna M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended Positions: A planetary vision ( from ) Early on childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3, December 2004 The class of developing the construct of childhood is an on-going uninterrupted pattern. In the twentieth century the most critical alteration in the public assistance of kids was the dramatic reformation in wellness issues and instruction. Governments funded societal benefits which later, enabled the kid to widen his or her life anticipation and to hold a better instruction. Vaccines and medical specialty were administered to extinguish childhood diseases and schools were established all over Europe. However, I was raised up in Gozo, the little sister island of Malta, and traditions were still more dominant. Religion was the chief focal point of the community and households. I attended a convent school run by a spiritual society. The sisters in the baby’s room ran the kindergarten school in a really regime manner. We ever started our twenty-four hours with supplications and anthem. Morning lessons started with mathematics and we would declaim over and over once more a set of Numberss. A paragraph from the Holy Bible was read every forenoon by the female parent superior, whilst we subsequently chanted Psalmss until we got them perfect. However, I do n’t hold affectionate memories of this school, as I still retrieve the gustatory sensation of pod liver oil which I had to digest as a ‘compulsory daintiness ‘ . I was ne’er allowed to larn through geographic expedition or drama. No stimulating or originative activities were introduced. However an enriched nurturing environment was provided at place. My childhood memories at place with my household are both memorable and positive. A balanced life was maintained where my emotional and physical basic demands were provided and catered for. Like a sponge I absorbed the basic foundations of maturity which finally helped me take duties of a parent. My parents provided me with love, instruction, protection and were my role-models. Fantastic odors filled our house and my place was a topographic point of comfort and love. As a kid I remember holding completed my prep, embarking outside and playing in the empty streets. It was traditional to play in the quiet backstreets. We invented new games and played ‘hopscotch ‘ , ‘catch ‘ , ‘hide and seek ‘or beads and marbles. We engaged ourselves in ‘miniature grownup ‘ function and we played for really long periods without any grownup ‘s supervising or intervention. This playing in the street allowed me to increase my creativeness, develop my leading and enabled me to work as a group. It is through drama that I interacted with the universe around me. It brought out the maximal potency of my childhood ‘s development – intellectually, physically, socially and emotionally. Childhood at the bend of the 20 first century Paradoxically, at the bend of the 20 first century, history is reiterating itself. It is deserving reflecting, that we are rekindling the thoughts of past innovators and later go throughing them on as our ain â€Å" new † thoughts. This is supported by Rosemary Peacocke ( 1999 ) , when she stated that it is a affair of â€Å" old vino in new bottles, old Plasticine in new forms † . She continues to prolong her positions by stating that history comes as a â€Å" round way † . Whilst Cathy Nutbrown ( 2010 ) besides supports this thought and claims that â€Å" nil is new, thoughts merely repeat † . I ask, do we larn from history, or do we perpetrate the same errors? Lesley Abbott and Helen Moylett ( 1999 ) Early Education Transformed. London: Palmer Press Cathy Nutbrown, Peter Clough, Philip Selbie ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education History Philosphy and Experience. London: Sage Publications Bibliography Research workers of the hereafter will maintain mentioning to the instructions of past philosophers, in hope of accomplishing the perfect consequence for the optimum upbringing of kids, that of nurturing, and educating each kid to achieve his or her maximal possible through her childhood â€Å" It is indispensable to hold a better conceptual articulation of what good early childhood instruction is, with appropriate appraisal and rating, which does non cut across its valuable traditions † . ( Bruce, 1997, p.204 ) Bruce, T. ( 1997 ) Early on Childhood Education London, Hodder A ; Stoughton Ironically many of the thoughts that shaped the kids ‘s features of past century still use today. Children still work, the difference being, that sometimes they do odd occupations to gain excess pocket money to purchase new entertaining engineerings. Girls are non needed as ‘little mas ‘ anymore, but play practical households on the computing machine. Since the beginning of indoor activities such as computer/ picture games, and telecasting, serious concerns have evolved about childhood-life. The freedom of childhood which was so much believed in, and encouraged by early innovators is being now endangered by the fright of development of new engineerings. Today the modern construct of childhood is that society position kids as â€Å" societal existences, active in the building of their ain worlds and subjectivenesss and hence potentially active in the building and deconstruction of dominant political orientations † ( Cole, 2004, p.6 ) Cole, M ( 2004 ) † Time to Emancipate the Mind: primary Schools in the New Century † Primary Teaching Studies, August 2004, Trentham Books Life for kids is once more being restricted, as now they live in big blocks of flats, with small infinite or clip to be originative. Much can be debated about the continued being of kids ‘s street civilization which reigned supreme during my childhood! Is this ‘golden epoch ‘ for kids? Decision Despite all this, in this exciting clip of uninterrupted development, I have to acknowledge that this century is offering kids in their early old ages, better public assistance and acquisition chances, which are appropriate to their single demands. The attitude of society towards the construct of childhood throughout the centuries has changed in a positive manner, and society presents perceives childhood as an of import factor in a kid ‘s life. Unlike kids of past ages, now have position in society and are persons. Qvortrup, ( 1994 ) besides supports this fact by stating that â€Å" Childs today are no longer seen as uncomplete grownups non yet able to take part in societal life, but as co-constructors of childhood and society † Qvortrup, J. , M. Bardy, G. Sgritta and H. Wintersberger ( 1994 ) Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice and Politics. Aldershot: Avebury. 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Rockhampton Essays - Rockhampton, Queensland Heritage Register

Rockhampton Rockhampton Facilities and Popular Attraction Compared to Other Cities Rockhamptons biggest attraction would be that it is the beef capital of Australia. {more information how it was the beef capital and when it was} Rockhampton was discovered in 1850 when gold and copper were discovered about 100 km away promoting this town's growth as an agricultural market and port. Good Morning Our City Rockhampton has one of the biggest tourist attractions compared to other cities like bundaberg, Mackay, Gladstone and Townsville. Some of Rockhamptons biggest attraction is that it has a reputation of having historical buildings in front of the harbour acting as a waterfront. The Dreamtime Cultural Centre which is devoted to display aboriginal art and history, also this town boasts by having custom houses, an outstanding gardens, which shows an extended range of trees, plants and animals. Other cities does not have as much tourist attraction as Rockhampton. Some have bigger shopping centers and larger sporting facilities but they don't have a reputation of having outstanding houses or places to show off their natural surroundings English Essays

Bacteria and Food Poisoning

Bacteria and Food Poisoning The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that around 80 million people a year in the U.S. alone contract food poisoning or other foodborne diseases. Foodborne illness is caused by eating or drinking food that contains disease causing agents. The most common causes of foodborne diseases are bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Foods containing toxic chemicals can cause foodborne diseases as well. Typically, our immune system fights off germs to prevent illness. However, some bacteria and viruses have developed ways of avoiding immune system defenses and causing sickness. These germs release proteins that help them avoid detection by white blood cells. In addition, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become increasingly prevalent and a worldwide public health issue. Strains of resistant E. coli and MRSA have become increasingly proficient at causing infection and avoiding immune defenses. These germs can survive on everyday objects and cause disease. There are over two hundred types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause foodborne diseases. Reactions to these germs can range from mild gastric and digestive system discomfort to death. The easiest way to prevent foodborne illness is to properly handle and cook foods. This includes washing and drying your hands, washing utensils carefully, replacing kitchen sponges often, and cooking meat thoroughly. Below is a list of a few bacteria that cause foodborne diseases, along with the foods that are associated with them, as well as symptoms that are likely to develop from ingesting the contaminated foods. Bacteria That Cause Foodborne Illness Microbe - Aeromonas hydrophilaAffiliated Foods - Fish, Shellfish, Beef, Pork, Lamb, and PoultryDiseases - Gastroenteritis, SepticemiaSymptoms - Diarrhea, Blood and Mucus in Stool    Microbe - Bacillus cereu Affiliated Foods - Meats, Milk, Rice, Potato, and Cheese ProductsDiseases - B. cereus Food PoisoningSymptoms - Diarrhea, Abdominal Cramps, Nausea    Microbe - Campylobacter jejuni Affiliated Foods - Raw Chicken, Unpasteurized Milk, Non-chlorinated WaterDiseases - B. cereus CampylobacteriosisSymptoms - Diarrhea, Abdominal Cramps, Nausea and Fever, Headache and Muscle Pain    Microbe - Clostridium botulinum Affiliated Foods - Canned Foods Including: Vegetables, Meats, and SoupsDiseases - Foodborne BotulismSymptoms - Weakness, Double Vision and Vertigo, Difficulty in Speaking, Swallowing, and Breathing, Constipation    Microbe - Clostridium perfringens Affiliated Foods - Non-refrigerated Prepared Foods: Meats and Meat Products, GravyDiseases - Perfringens Food PoisoningSymptoms - Severe Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea    Microbe - Escherichia coli O157:H7Affiliated Foods - Undercooked Meats, Raw Ground BeefDiseases - Hemorrhagic colitisSymptoms - Severe Abdominal Pain, Watery and Bloody Diarrhea, Vomiting    Microbe - Listeria monocytogenes Affiliated Foods - Dairy Products, Raw Vegetables, Raw Meats, Smoked FishDiseases - ListeriosisSymptoms - Flu-like Symptoms, Persistent Fever, Nausea and Vomiting, Diarrhea    Microbe - Salmonella spp. Affiliated Foods - Poultry and Eggs, Milk and Dairy Products, Raw Meats, Fish, Shrimp, Peanut ButterDiseases - SalmonellosisSymptoms - Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Fever, Headache, Diarrhea    Microbe - Shigella spp Affiliated Foods - Poultry, Milk and Dairy Products, Raw Vegetables, Fecally contaminated water, Salads: Potato, Chicken, Tuna, ShrimpDiseases - ShigellosisSymptoms - Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain, Fever, Vomiting, Blood or Mucus in Stool    Microbe - Staphylococcus aureus Affiliated Foods - Poultry and Egg Products, Meat Products, Dairy ProductsDiseases - Staphyloenterotoxicosis, StaphyloenterotoxemiaSymptoms - Abdominal Cramping, Nausea and Vomiting, Prostration    Microbe - Vibrio cholerae Affiliated Foods - Contaminated Water, ShellfishDiseases - CholeraSymptoms - Watery Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain, Dehydration, Vomiting, Shock For additional information on bacteria, food poisoning, and foodborne diseases, take a look at the Bad Bug Book. Again, the single most important thing you can do to prevent foodborne illness is to keep your environment clean when preparing food. This includes washing your hands with soap and water and sanitizing utensils and counter tops. In addition, it is vital that you cook meats thoroughly to ensure that germs are killed.

Essay on How Insurance Works

Essay on How Insurance Works Essay on How Insurance Works This is a free example essay on Insurance: In August of 2003 I took a position with AdminOne Corporation located in Bentonville, Arkansas as a Financial Services/Systems assistant. AdminOne is a privately owned and operated Third Party Administration that provides all of its clients virtually all their benefit needs. We work directly with employers representing a wide variety of industries to provide a comprehensive assortment of services with hassle-free Customer Service. For organizations determining that the high cost of health care requires alternate methods of funding, plan design, and plan management, AdminOne can provide many different functions. Some of these functions include: preparing all communication material, assisting in the implementation of the plan, recommending cost containment procedures and plan document changes, analyzing existing plan benefits and funding methods. Additionally, AdminOne also provides a wide variety of other products and services at the client’s demand, such as life insurance, long term disability, short-term disability, 401K plans, etc. As like many organizations, AdminOne feels that our customers deserve the highest quality of service and administration of their benefit plans. In keeping this our main focus, we have acquired the highest quality, technologically advanced claims adjudication system available on the market. AdminOne use the RIMS (Resource Information Management System, Inc.) system. RIMS began their business in 1981 and are still the dominant leader in claims adjudication systems. There are over 400 insurance companies across the United States that use the RIMS system, however, they haven’t seen the advantage of AdminOne. We believe we have an advantage over other insurance companies because we have built in the technology and automation functions to provide the maximum opportunity to pay claims accurately, timely, and in the most cost efficient manner for our clients. Our system is way more advanced than other insurance companies in many ways. First of all, it has the ability to link multiple fee schedules to single providers. Second, unlimited note screens can be used to aid in the documentation of every inquiry. Third, every customer who comes through us can doesn’t have to worry about fraud or abuse to their benefit plans. This is because we have installed a security system that will detect any hacking or abuse to any benefit programs. We believe this added on feature should keep clients knocking on our door for service. A new addition to our RIMS system is our customized client access website. This website is actually connected with our RIMS software so that clients can actually view their current claims. This is another advantage for us in that it keeps the phones from ringing all of the time. For example, if Allen Canning Co. wanted to access their current claims and make an adjustment because of termination of one of its employees, they could easily visit our website and make the adjustments themselves. This keeps our clients from having to call in and requiring us to make the manual adjustment. Moreover, to keep our system up to date and working efficiently, it was imperative that AdminOne recruit a systems team. There were five positions that needed to be filled and I was one of the recruits for the position. My primary responsibility, as a systems assistant, is to help my supervisor, Angie Baker, with client billing functions, implementation procedures for new clients and new computer systems and training on new systems. I actually talk to clients, such as Allen Canning Co, and help them decide how they want their claims invoices to look like. This usually takes thirty minutes to an hour to complete. Following the interview, I take their claims information and input the data in to RIMS. However, the process of inputting the data can be very extensive because every piece of information about each customer of the organization must be inputted. Then I go through a huge amount of modules and processes to produce the desired result, the invoice. Each invoice has its own number and group name associated with it. For instance, if I see AC802 in the top right corner of the plan document, I know that am working on Allen Canning Company’s invoice. Another responsibility of mine is to train clients on our custom designed client access website. I travel at least once a week to the surrounding cities and train our clients on how to use our website. Most of the time I meet with managers and other users of the system to insure they know how to input the data correctly. Most of the users have a general idea on how to use the system, but there are a few that don’t and I have to start from scratch. Furthermore, after the managers and current users understand how our website works, I give them user names and passwords which RIMS already assigns to their group name. After all this, they are now ready to view their claims and make any adjustments where they are needed. However, the clients only have limited access to our website. For instance, they cannot go into our system to change billing rates or selecting a different plan. That is something that only AdminOne has access to and there cannot be any debate. The client access website is one part of our system that I tend to a lot of the time. At the end of every day, I log in to the RIMS website and download any changes that went on in the system. For instance, if A.G. Russell Knives hired some new employees and added them to their plan, then I would extract that data and save it to our main server, which contains all of our client information. However, we do back up the server weekly to prevent loss of information in case of a fire or something along those lines. Moreover, I deal a lot with marketing materials, presentations, and proposals when necessary. For instance, whenever AdminOne has the opportunity to acquire a new client, our company will have meeting with that client in person or via videoconferencing. Sometimes I will join my team and participate in these meetings. The topics usually discussed in these meetings range from new ideas on administrative software to potential clients that we could obtain in the future. The meetings are normally 30 minutes to an hour and are very beneficial to our company. In addition to working for AdminOne as a systems assistant, I also do a number of job duties for the financial side. My primary responsibility is to update our RIMS system whenever we receive payment from our clients or when we have to cut checks to our re-insurance carriers. This is the more complicated area of my job and requires a lot more number crunching. I actually assist our accountant in keeping AdminOne’s books balanced and make sure that the money we receive goes in the correct account. My favorite part of the financial services assistant is the monthly billing, which we generate through our RIMS software. The process for calculating invoices and printing them from our server can actually be quite tedious. For example, whenever we get a new client, it is my duty to input their plan information into our system as soon as possible. I do this by creating a new table in RIMS that is specifically for our new client. Then I give them a group number, which is generated by RIMS, so that we can distinguish them from other clients. After all this is completed, RIMS will calculate their invoice based on what I input. However, since AdminOne is a third party insurance provider, we do not get all of the money that comes from paying the invoice. We have to pay other PPO carriers and re-insurance carriers based on a percentage that I enter. This is where the hard stuff comes into play because every client we have has a completely different plan. Some companies prefer to use a brok er and some clients prefer to use re-insurance carriers. Whatever the client’s decision may be; the point is that we actually enter the disbursement of payment into RIMS and it calculates the fees for us. That is the awesome attribute about RIMS because everything is automated. In addition to using the RIMS software, I also use many other software applications to complete my duties as a financial services assistant. Microsoft Excel and Quick Books are the main two that I use quite often. These applications are used to record payments whenever we receive them and aid in the accounts payable process. For instance, after I receive payment from Allen Canning Co, I open Allen Canning’s folder in Excel and update their information. This information includes the current number of people that is on their plan, which PPO carriers they used, and if they used a broker. Next I print out all of their sheets on Excel and match them to the printouts that RIMS generated. If all is correct then we are ready to cut the checks to the appropriate providers. Following the update of Excel, I then turn my attention to Quick Books. First, I prepare all of the paperwork, which was generated by RIMS and Excel, to enter the exact dollar amount. This part is very crucial because if I make one mistake it will throw off our balance sheet and income statement. Then we could possibly cut too much money or not enough. Second, I take the dollar amounts that I just entered and create a balance sheet that is generated by Quick Books. These balance sheets are then matched with our projected balance sheets that we generate earlier in the month. Sometimes the balance sheets don’t match up, but that doesn’t mean that there was an error entering the dollar amounts. It could mean that their head count had changed for their plan, such as firing someone or hiring someone. Next, after we have matched up the balance sheets, and everything looks good, we then cut the checks to the other providers. These checks are actually produced through Quick Boo ks and contain the dollar amounts for which I entered earlier in the process. Finally, after all the checks have been cut I immediately take them to our mailbox so that they can be mailed to the providers. One additional thing I did learn from my co-op experience was the act of confidentiality. This doesn’t play a big role in all organizations, but it is huge at AdminOne. It is imperative at insurance firms to keep all customers’ information kept suppressed. For instance, if I accidentally sent Allen Canning’s invoice to the wrong company, that firm could view their rates and what they are billed. This could pose a huge problem because the other firm may view their rates as being higher than Allen Canning’s and get very frustrated and we could possibly lose their business. Because everybody knows that insurance rates and premiums are based on whether the client is more risky or less risky. If they are more risky, then they will have to pay a higher premium and if they are less risky, they will pay a lower premium. Another example of keeping information suppressed is our internal network, or intranet. AdminOne has their own private network within the company that holds only accounting information and billing information. These records are to be kept suppressed at all times and AdminOne employees make sure that it does. That is why we install firewalls and blockers to keep outsiders from hacking into our system. There has been never been an occasion where anyone has tried to hack in, but there is always a first time for everything. So I guess you could see how keeping information suppressed is a must in an insurance organization. Upon joining AdminOne in early August, I really didn’t know what to expect since this was my first job in a real work environment. So I decided to come up with three objectives, or goals, that I could try to achieve throughout my co-op experience. The first goal that I set for myself was to obtain a better understanding of how internal business procedures actually work. Because I learn about them all of the time from the classes that I take and I really want to see if that is how it actually is in a real environment. The second objective that I came up with was to learn how to implement new systems in a real work setting. I believe that this is important for all ISYS majors for the simple fact that computer systems are always changing. New hardware and software hits the market all of the time and it is important as an ISYS major to become familiar with as much as you can. My third and final objective was to learn how to prioritize my duties so that I could be more efficient. S ince this was my first real job, I thought that this would be a good objective because it would definitely look good to my employer if I got a lot of work done in a short amount of time. I believe that it makes a person look good and motivated if they can prioritize and get more things done in a small amount of time. In conclusion, I would like to say that this co-op experience has really helped me in many ways. I am very fortunate I received a job that had something to do with my major and it has encouraged me to keep pursuing a career in this field of study. Since I have been working for AdminOne, I have learned so much more about my job than I ever could from a textbook. Not saying that the classes I have taken haven’t helped me, but I actually got some hands on experience while working there. For example, I have learned how to use many more software programs than I ever had while taking my ISYS classes. However, there are a few classes that really helped me out and can now see what they were talking about all this time. My Organizational Behavior class is one of the main classes where I developed a strong foundation. In that class we learned about the roles and norms of certain organizations and how they all differ depending on the organization in which you work. And on the first day o f my job I could see with my own eyes what they were talking about. I saw how all of my co-workers conducted themselves in the work environment and outside the work environment. I also leaned about our dress code while working at AdminOne, which is norm itself. In addition, my Business Statistics class was another key factor. I believe if I hadn’t taken that class, I wouldn’t be where I am because the job that I have right now requires a lot of number crunching. That is basically all we learned in Business statistics. Overall I am very pleased with my co-op experience and believe it will be very beneficial for my future. I enjoyed telling you about my organization and I hope you now have a better understanding of what we do. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Insurance from our professional essay writing service.

LGBTQ blog post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LGBTQ blog post - Essay Example The plight of homosexuals has continued to roll over the decades and even the 21st century is seemingly no different. The social stigmatization that homosexuals receive in the contemporary society cannot be overlooked. Immediately one is identified as a gay or lesbian that becomes the genesis of their stigmatization. Many people even in the countries that boast of being developed still view lesbians and gays as malevolent and a lot of dereliction is directed to them. Different people have postulated unfounded opinions and judgments concerning homosexuality. Some think it is a developmental problem that has psychological contributions. Others have had several questions unanswered concerning the issue of homosexuality. â€Å"†¦..what factors contributed to its purported prevalence? Was it a holdover of primitive instincts usually found only in ‘uncivilized’ groups? Or was it an effect of modern life?’’ (Kaufman and Terry 27). These demonstrate how much people have pondered about the issue which has resulted into faulty perceptions about the gay and lesbian people as w ell as the transgender. With different persons coming up with diverse explanations, stigma and disgrace has been the order of the day in the homosexual world. As reported in the International Journal of Sexual Studies, gay parents are more susceptible to stigmatization. The outcome of this empirical study conducted to determine the extent of social stigmatization of the gay parents revealed much more that what had been hypothesized. People tend to look at the gay parents as ‘undeserving’ parents who are misleading examples to the society. It is not any news to hear that some countries have declared homosexuality illegal and that those found oriented to this sexual bearing should be sentenced to death. Uganda is one of the countries that surprised the world by its coarse laws

Harp of Burma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harp of Burma - Essay Example This position regarding the message of the book is accentuated by the author’s opinion that the war was unjustified and that the Japanese soldiers ought to have absconded the war. This position infers that the tone of the literature discouraged the active involvement of the Japanese soldiers in the war. Published in 1948, the book was later translated from Japanese language to English by Howard Hibbert. The title of the book was not just a convoluted idea, it stems from the fact that the Japanese soldiers engaged in the war were encouraged to sing as a way of boosting their confidence e and morale to emerge victors in the fight. Amidst this was a soldier who use to play Harp for other solders in the same spirit of building confidence and the zeal to vigorously fight. This book is also directed as a film. The central theme discussed and that can be inferred after reading the book is the need to avoid war confrontation and instead opt for peace. The literature in the book recounts how the Japanese soldiers were killed in thousand and the bodies decomposing in the jungle. It shows how Japan’s involvement in the war made any other agenda for the country lag behind in the interest of pursuing war. Japan, Italy, and Germany were skewed on one side forming one axis against the British and her allies on the other side. Japan and the allies in the war were trounced and in this book, the Japanese soldiers captured by the British were told to inform the rest that the war has ended and one of the soldiers who happen to be playing the Harp volunteer to dutifully undertake to the responsibility (Takeyama, 46). He left the rest of the solders to pursue other in the effort to deliver them the message. In the jungle, he is surprised to find most of his colleagues killed in millions that he co uld not even make arrangements to bury them as he initially wished. The soldier is taken aback by

Oil Spill Recovery Essay -- Energy Environmental Wildlife Essays

Oil Spill Recovery Can you imagine a world where clean water does not exist anymore? Can you imagine going to your kitchen and seeing black water instead of clear coming out of the faucet? Would you still go to the park if the rivers, lakes, and oceans would turn the color of oil and pollution? Would you still take your kids to see the fish and other living species if they were no longer living and floating belly up? How much would you pay to get the clean rivers, lakes, and oceans back? How much would it cost to get the living organisms living again in the rivers, lakes, and oceans? Maybe it is hard to imagine this world today because it is not as bad, water is not black, and living organisms don’t float bellies up when you walk by, but if we don’t think of the long run consequences of our polluting way of life today this horrible world won’t be so hard to imagine. Water covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface. It is the most valuable natural resource we have. For the most part all living organism require water to live, without water we would not exist. Water pollution is a very huge problem. By polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans we are harming our planet. Organisms are dying at a very disturbing rate. Our drinking water has become greatly affected as well. There are a variety of causes of pollution they include sewage, fertilizers, wash off deposits, pathogens, petroleum, radioactive substances, heat, and other. The enormous accidental petroleum spills are an important cause of pollution especially along shore lines. Off-shore drilling operations contribute to the pollution pool. Certain statistical estimates state that for every million tons of oil transported one ton gets spilled. This paper will concentrate on oil s... ... 3rd edition, pg 373. 6.McKnight, J; Pelstring L. Patuxent River Oil Spill. Road to recovery. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/naturalresource/winter2003/oilspill.html 7.The Website of Hydrocarbons Industry. Lamor Coproration AB - Oil Spill Response and Recovery Equipment. http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/contractors/environment/lamor 8. Harju, T, High technology Finland. Managing oil spills more effectively (2003). http://www.indixon.com/enkku/rs-harvester.html http://www.hightechfinland.com/2003/energyenvironment/environment/indixon.html 9.Oil Spills at the Water Surfave. Office of Response and Restoration, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2002 http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/living/surface.html 10Preventing Oil Spills. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004 http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/prevent.htm

Successful Property Development

Throughout this paper the masculine gender is used when referring to developers. This is purely for convenience and does not imply that successful developers have to be male. Demand for new buildings from tenants and owner occupiers is the basis of all commercial property development in the United Kingdom. A typical development scheme will be initiated by a developer identifying a demand for a new building or buildings in a certain location. A major office user for example may wish to combine a number of regional offices into one new building able to accommodate new echnology and enable all of the Company's departments to be housed under one roof. The image to be presented by the new building will also be important and the Company may prefer a prominent town centre location with easy rail access or a fringe of town location on the motorway network. The experienced developer will know that if a development is to be successful the location must be the one which will appeal to tenants or purchasers who will either pay rent or a capital sum to occupy the property. There are many examples of unsuccessful schemes which failed because of poor location. With shopping centre evelopment the choice can be very subtle and a slightly ‘off-pitch' location may be enough to discourage tenants from leasing shop units in the new centre. If a site for a new development is identified and the site (or redundant buildings) is available for purchase, planning consent for the scheme must be sought from the Local Authority. It is usually the case that the developer will have concentrated on those locations where the planners will support development proposals and planning consent is likely to be received. If the location is correct and planning consent is likely the developer must also rrange finance to buy the site, build the scheme and let (or sell) it. He may also wish to sell the completed income producing investment. If he does so and the money he receives from the sale of the investment is more than the capital and interest he borrowed to build the scheme, he will receive a monetary profit. There are many sources of finance for developers but conventionally money will be borrowed from banks to buy the site and build a scheme with long term finance being provided by life assurance funds and pension funds. Long term finance in this ontext means the purchase of the completed investment by the fund which will enable the developer to repay all his short term debt and (hopefully) give him a profit. The investment market and development market are therefore closely linked and the developer will be mindful of the fund's requirements from the start of the development process. The most common form of development funding which involves the institutions if known as ‘profit erosion, priority yield'. This method allows the developer to borrow most of his short term finance from the institution and not pay it back until the cheme is completed and let. At this time the fund takes over the scheme in return for providing the developer's short term monies. The developer departs with a lump sum fee for carrying out the project which will be calculated by capitalising that amount of rent from the scheme which will be calculated by capitalising that amount of rent from the scheme which exceeds the fund's required return on the money lent; in other words its ‘priority yield'. Even if the rent from the scheme does not exceed the fund's priority yield, the developer will still receive a fee but obviously not as uch as he would get if he lets the building(s) at a high rent. There are many other types of development funding some of which are described in ‘Property and Money' by Michael Brett (see the bibliography at the back of this booklet). The developer will employ a professional team to design and cost the proposed building. The architect as leader of the design team has a crucial role to interpret his client's intentions and produce a design which will meet the requirements of tenants, planners and long term funders. Other commentators such as journalists, he general public, and the Prince of Wales may also criticise the design of a scheme where it is perceived to be ugly or inappropriate for its location. Successful commercial development requires therefore a combination of good location, planning consent, good design and funding. Even if these factors are present the scheme may still fail, at least in the short term, if the economy is weak and firms cannot expand. This introduction provides a resume of a typical development and the process can now be considered in more detail. The Developer The developer is the instigator of the scheme. He provides the entrepreneurial flair to identify the development opportunity and bring it to a successful conclusion. In doing so he will make use of established relationships with commercial estate agents and his knowledge of the occupier market. Most large development companies specialise in particular areas of the market. Slough Estates for example, built its reputation in the development of industrial and warehouse property whereas Hammersons developed the first shopping mall in the United Kingdom at Brent Cross. Some life assurance funds act as their own developer and one example is Norwich Union in the development of the Bentalls centre in Kingston on Thames. Various government agencies also act as developers such as District and Regional Health Authorities with hospital building. Increasingly, the newly privatised utilities will carry out their own developments. There are many types of developers. Some are ‘developer traders' who build with a view to selling the scheme when it is complete. Others will develop and hold the completed investment in their investment portfolio. Some developers are quoted on the stock exchange and others are little more than one man bands. Throughout the development process, but crucially at the start before funds are committed, the commercial developer will carry out an appraisal which will predict the eventual profits to be earned from the scheme. A considerable amount of work has to be done to produce a full appraisal as all the costs of the scheme have to be considered. The site itself will have to be fully investigated and this will involve bore hole surveys to enable the structural engineer to estimate the cost of the foundations. An environmental impact study may be required before planning consent is forthcoming. With the assistance of his agent, the developer will also predict the rent which the scheme will produce and (if the investment is to be sold), the investment value. If a scheme is to be successful the investment value less all capital and interest costs will have to leave an acceptable profit. If a developer has used rents in the appraisal which are too high, perhaps in expectation of rent rises in the development period, he may eventually make no profit at all and the scheme (from the developer's viewpoint) will have failed. To avoid risk and to attract other tenants to a development, a developer will often eek a pre-let tenant for a scheme. Before construction starts, a tenant will sign an agreement to lease all or part of the scheme at an agreed rent. This is particularly valuable in shopping centre development where an anchor tenant such as a department store will make a commitment before development commenced, thereby giving confidence to other lessees to take shop units. A developer who borrows money to buy a site, construct a building, and seek lessees will have no appreciable earnings until the scheme is let. It would be difficult therefore, for any interest on capital borrowed to be repaid during the development period. It is usually the case that interest is repaid as a lump sum when the fully let investment is eventually sold. Interest in these circumstances is said to be ‘rolled up' until the end of the development period. In arranging finance, the developer will often have a short term interest in the scheme, whereas the fund purchasing the investment when fully let, has a long term interest. Funds are, therefore, particularly interested in tenant quality in the longer term and building flexibility which may not be of primary importance to the developer. Local Authorities may initiate development, particularly retail, by making town centre ites available on ground leases to developers. The Authority will have a long term interest in the scheme's success, as they will receive a grounds rent, probably geared to the full rental value of the development. Not all developers have a short term interest in a development. Major developers may hold completed investments in a portfolio rather than ar range long term finance by selling the investment to a fund. Planning In the words of Clara Green ‘planning applications (like prayers) receive one of three answers – yes, no or yes but. ‘ The process can be one of great frustration and ifficulty for developers and for a major scheme it is usual for a specialist planning consultant to be employed to negotiate a consent with the Local Authority. Planning law is complicated but in general terms, planning consent is required for most major building in the United Kingdom. The department of the Environment is responsible for planning and the Secretary of State for the Environment is advised by teams of professional planners, surveyors and architects. All applications are made to local councils and it is only the most important or controversial applications which will be of interest to the higher tier of overnment. Most applications are, therefore, decided locally although the Secretary of State may decide to call in any application at his or her discretion. To obtain planning permission, an application will be made to the District Council although applications in the future also may be considered by the new unitary authorit ies. The developer can choose the type of application he wishes to make. If he wishes to seek approval to the principle of development, he can make an outline application. This is sometimes referred to as a red line application, as a red ine is drawn around the site plan supporting the application. If consent is granted, this will be subject to reserved matters and the developer will have to seek a subsequent consent for these detailed matters later. Alternatively a full application may be made which will include all detailed matters as well as the basic principles. The Local Authority will decide the application in the context of plans which will have been previously published and approved by the Secretary of State. Under the present two tier system of Local Government, the County Councils produce structure lans for their area which show in strategic terms the type and location of development which will be permitted during the period of the plan. The District Councils produce local plans which deal with detailed matters related to specific areas of land. If the planning application does not accord with the local plan, the Local Authority will be justified in refusing the application but obviously a developer would be unwise to make an application of this type. Structure plans have a life of between 5 and 15 years and comprise a lengthy written statement supported by explanatory diagrams. The important matters dealt with in the structure plan are strategic matters such as tourism and leisure, waste disposal, new housing, employment and transport. The Authority has a two month period in which to decide an application but it can ask the applicant for more time. If the application is refused the applicant can appeal to the Secretary of state and the matter in the majority of cases, will be decided by a Government Inspector. In major cases, the Inspector will make recommendations to the Secretary of State who will, after advice, take a decision. There may also be a Public Local Enquiry here evidence is heard by the Inspector over a number of days from all interested parties. In producing their structure and local plans as well as deciding applications, Councils have to take into account policy statement produced by the government. These are called Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPGs) and they are published or amended from time to time. Two of the most important are PPG 6 which relates to out of town retail development and PPG 13 which deals with transport. There are a total of 25 PPGs and many are frequently revised. For example a new PPG 12 was produced in April 1999. This revision emphasised the importance of regional planning which now has it own PPG (PPG 11) and also stressed the government's commitment to a plan led system. Any developer seeking to build against government guidance as stated in the PPGs faces a long, expensive and uncertain battle and therefore is well advised to tailor development proposals to accord with published guidance. The government is at pains to demonstrate that the plan led system is sensitive to demographic changes and this is seen in the revisions to PPG 3 (Housing) which take account of the prediction that ‘7 out of ten new ouseholds forming over the next 20 years are likely to be single person households' (Nick Raynsford, Housing and Planning Minister). A topical revision PPG 25 (Flood Risk) which aims to avoid development in flood risk areas and emphasises a precautionary approach in marginal areas with flood defences to be shown to be in place (and paid for by the developer) before development is approved. The Development Team The team will be employed by the developer at the start of a project and it role will encompass design, costing, funding and marketing. In summary its functions are as follows: Architect The Architect is the leader and coordinator of the design team who has a major role in interpreting his client's requirements and producing a design brief. The brief establishes the client's basic requirements and from this the Architect and other members of the design team will produce detailed design drawings. These will eventually be given to selected building contractors who will tender for the job of constructing the building. During construction, the Architect will inspect the work as it proceeds on behalf of his client. Because the Architect's work is so important he ill be paid a fee based on a percentage of the total cost of the building work. For a new building this will normally be between 4% and 5% of the cost of the work. Quantity Surveyor The Quantity Surveyor estimates the eventual cost of the new building and will produce regular cost checks as the design is developed. Before tenders are invited from building contractors, he will inform the client of the estimated cost of the works (the pre-tender estimate) and the client can then proceed to tender with confidence. Services and Structural Engineers In some instances the engineers will be responsible for producing design drawings nd specifications of the building services (air-conditioning, electrical installation etc) and the structure (foundations, structural frame). Increasingly however, the services engineer will only produce a statement of how the services will perform (a performance specification) rather than a full design. In these circumstances, design becomes the responsibility of the contractor. Estate Agents Developers usually have established relationships with firms of estate agents who will be aware of development opportunities. The agent will also provide marketing advice and will be responsible for letting the building. Other Consultants Other consultants include solicitors, landscape architects and planning consultants. With some complicated and large schemes, a project manager may oversee the project on behalf of the client. Specialist noise or environmental consultants may be required where development will take place in environmentally sensitive areas where special planning conditions have been imposed. Successful Schemes A scheme will be successful if its location and design has attracted a number of first class tenants and will continue to do so in the future should any tenants vacate. A uccessful scheme will provide a secure and growing investment for the eventual long term investor as well as an adequate monetary profit for the developer. There are many reasons why development schemes are unsuccessful, some of which are discussed below: Poor Location This is the most obvious but nevertheless very common reason for failure. A shopping scheme may be located where there is a lack of pedestrian flow. An office building may be located where vehicular access is difficult or the chosen site does not provide the required image and identity for the tenant/s. On a wider scale, he development may be located in a city which is in decline, to the detriment of long term investment quality. Some commentators are casting doubt on the future quality of fringe of town retail warehousing schemes which do not have the support of an established town centre. Poor Design A shopping centre must be designed to maximise pedestrian flow and enable shoppers to both park and gain easy access. If the design fails to do this, the public may avoid the centre and tenants will be hard to find. Also shopping centres must allow frequent changes of image and must provide the correct ambience for the ublic. Attention to detail with the internal design will allow this to benefit the investment. Thee are many examples of office buildings constructed in the 1960's and 1970's which do not provide the necessary ducting and image for modern tenants using today's technology. These developments may have been regarded as successful when they were first constructed, but in terms of a long term investment are of dubious quality. Lack of flexibility with many buildings means that where occupier requirements change the buildings cannot and voids are the result. Increased Costs during Design or Construction If a developer allows costs to increase, he will eventually make no profit whatsoever from the scheme. If costs increase beyond those used in the appraisal the developers profit will be eroded. The expertise of the design team to contain costs whilst, at the same time, producing a quality building is of vital importance but sometimes mistakes are made. A lack of coordination between building work and services is a typical example leading to redesign, delay and increased costs. Planning Errors When a contract is awarded to a contractor, it is important that the site of the evelopment is firstly in the legal control of the developer and secondly the same site for which planning consent has been granted. There have been many examples of mistakes in this area to the detriment of the project. Empty Property A newly built shopping centre with few tenants is clear evidence of a scheme which falls short of success. There are many examples amongst those centres completed during the recession. As with office and warehousing property pre-let tenants are particularly valuable in recessionary periods. Public Sector Development The Private Finance Initiative. In the past public sector development such as roads, hospitals and bridges were built by government contracting with the private sector for the design and construction works. Civil servants and their consultants would work to precise specifications of what was required to be built. When the development was complete the government would then be responsible for running the completed hospital, road or whatever to the benefit of the public. The Private ~Finance Initiative (or PFI) is intended to revolutionise the traditional method of producing public facilities described above. It was conceived in 1992 during Norman Lamont's troubled chancellorship and was vigorously supported by his successor Kenneth Clarke. In essence PFI only required the government to state how the building is to be used and the performance it must achieve. The private sector is then invited to tender for the design, construction and running of the new facility. The reward for doing this is negotiated with the government agency responsible for the facility and will usually take the form of a regular monetary payment so long as the facilities provided continue to meet the agreed criteria. Kenneth Clarke stated that PFI is ‘a radical and far reaching change in capital investment in public services which will break down further barriers between the public and private sectors'. The central argument in favour of PFI is that the private sector is more capable of promoting efficiency than government and will provide business solutions to public sector requirements. It is also argued that the risks of increased construction and running costs, which appears to be a feature of public sector schemes, will disappear with PFI where all the risks are borne by the private sector. Critics of PFI point out that it is extremely difficult to produce a performance specification for, say, a highly complex building such as a hospital and this will lead to private sector contractors being allowed to cut corners to the detriment of the public. It is also pointed out that the government can always borrow money more cheaply than the private sector and that this will inevitably lead to increased costs which will be passed on to the public. The change of government in May 1997 led to a thorough review of the experience gained from using PFI in the previous five years. Malcolm Bates was appointed to arry out a review which resulted in 29 recommendations aimed at rationalising and reinvigorating the PFI process. The ‘Treasury Taskforce' was the government's response to the review and this body consisted mainly of city financiers who were charged with building up PFI expertise in government. The taskforce had a life of three years and is replaced by ‘Partnerships UK' which will operate as a joint private/public consultancy to assist with the PFI process. There are currently hundreds of PFI schemes in the process of completion and the present government is wedded to this form of procurement for public sector projects.