Food Safety Sanitation free essay sample

Food Safety and Quality Guidelines : Manual for Hotels, Restaurants and Food Vendors Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has always been proactive in supporting and providing inputs to Government Policy and value adding by providing guidance to industry to meet new challenges for increasing competitiveness. Ensuring Consumer Safety ranks high on the CII agenda in the area of Food Quality. It is in this context that a Committee on Food Safety and Quality has been set up under the National Committee on Quality and Competitiveness in CII. Under the work plan of this committee a drive for implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) in the Food Industry has been undertaken to ensure Safe and Quality products to the consumers. This manual Food Safety and Quality Guidelines for Hotels, Restaurants and Food Vendors is the first amongst the series of manuals envisaged by the Committee. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Safety Sanitation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This manual is for the guidance of small and medium size Hotels, Restaurants, Dhabas and Street Food vendors, as a service. In preparing this manual CII has made an effort for guiding food serving establishments to implement simple and practical systems and practices for ensuring compliance to GMP, GHP and HACCP in their establishments. These standards have been adapted from establishments who are conscious of such norms and have been able to successfully implement and maintain them. The manual deals in detail about the location, layout, structure, physical facilities like hand wash, water supply, storage, lighting and ventilation etc required for the food service establishments. Cleaning , sanitation and maintenance of the physical facilities have been explained in a simple manner with lots of charts, formats and photographs for easy understanding. The manual deals with the handling of food right from the stage of receipt, storage, preparation, thawing, cooking, hot holding, reheating of food to serving of the food in a food serving establishment. Some of the good Personal Hygiene Practices and Personal habits have been explained through good photographs / pictorials. A separate chapter covers the GMPs, GHPs in the form of simple, easy to understand and implement Dos and Donts for the Dhabas and Street Food vendors. These have been drawn from Codex guidelines for such food establishments. An exhaustive list with addresses of the food testing laboratories in India has been included in the manual for the information of the industry. The committee is committed to work with the Hotel and Restaurants associations in all parts of the country to create awareness and support in the implementation of this manual and also receive their inputs to make this manual acceptable to all. This is an evolutionary process. Through usage, we expect this manual to receive valuable feedback from the users and improve upon this version 0. 0 Cost of this manual is Rs. 750 only

Negotiation in the Workplace Essay Example

Negotiation in the Workplace Essay Example Negotiation in the Workplace Paper Negotiation in the Workplace Paper Negotiation in the Workplace Name: Institution: Negotiation in the Workplace Introduction Within the office setting, time keeping and efficiency in performing duties is an important aspect of being an employee. The supervisors also carefully assess these and other duties to make conclusion on the level of employee productivity. When employees fail to deliver on their time schedules and productivity, it causes conflicts within the workplace especially between the supervisor and employees. The situation concerns two main people: Lisa and Marion. In this case study, there are two main parties. Lisa, who is an employee in a public relations company had recently transferred from overseas and is currently living in Australia with her parents. Lisa has a tight schedule that involves working the whole day at the office and then attending an evening course from 6-9 pm for two days every week. Additionally, Lisa also accompanies her sick mother to physiotherapy twice a week. On the other hand, Marion who is Lisa’s employer demands increased productivity levels from her empl oyee. Her main demand involves Lisa developing a regular and predictable pattern of work. Currently, both parties have slightly compromised, but the new arrangement was not effective as Lisa still came in late. Analysis Negotiation involves a discourse between several individuals or parties with the purpose of reaching a compromise, understanding, resolve a conflict, or to fashion outcomes to persuade a variety of interests demanded by the parties involved in the negotiation process (Forsyth Kay, 2008). Forsyth (2008) states that â€Å"†¦negotiators are at pains to take the broad view, to understand the other person’s point of view and what they are trying to achieve and why† (Forsyth and Kay, 2008 p. 87). Negotiation is a course of action where every party concerned attempts to thrash out benefits for themselves at the end of the negotiation (Michael, 2011). The main purpose of negotiation is to reach a compromise. Mannix et al (2008) states â€Å"†¦negotiation may occur among multiple members of a single group (within-group), including among factions or coalitions within the group† (p22). Within the workplace, numerous complications emerge that may require a negotia tion process to solve them effectively (Gatchalian, 1998). As Lyons (2007) argues â€Å"†¦we negotiate with other parties only when we can get more from an agreement with them, than from the other options we have† (p7). Each negotiation case is unique and, therefore, a negotiation process such as this will produce several results (Lyons, 2007). The main problem between Lisa and Marion involves proper time management and allocation of tasks in the public relations firm. The major cause of this problem revolves around Lisa and her inconvenient time demands that constantly made her delay the workplace tasks. These demands include taking her mother to the hospital and attending evening classes. The clash between Lisa and her employer Marion has occurred due to different priorities and responsibilities within the workplace. On one hand, Lisa needs to work, increase her education and take care of her ailing mother. On the other hand, Marion demands a more organized working environment particularly concerning Lisa’s department. She requires regular working hours that are covered by all employees fully. David (2010) asserts, â€Å"†¦people differ, and they use negotiation to handle their differences† (p18). The negotiation theory demands that people should make separate, dynamic decisions, and this can be inferre d to fashion a compromise between the two parties (David, 2010). The impact of the stalemate is twofold. On the employer’s side, Marion is bound to realise losses in the company’s productivity owing to the underperformance of one of her employees. The firm will also experience an increased labour burden arising from uncompleted tasks and pileups caused by Lisa’s absence and late coming. On her part, Lisa risks being demoted, transferred to another department, or even being sacked altogether. Currently, Lisa finds it extremely difficult to juggle between work and family life and this puts pressure on her productivity levels significantly lowering them. According to negotiation analysis, these two individuals are intelligent and competent enough and should seek out a mutual, concerted decision. In this situation, they can adopt an integrative negotiation and should desist from being distributive. A distributive negotiation would mean that either Lisa or Marion would have to be disappointed when they lose. Recommendation and Solutions The negotiation theory incorporates decision-making approaches as well as negotiation analysis. In this case, decision making approach will be applicable as the situation will require the person or people in authority to make decisions. Kochan (2003) maintains â€Å"†¦the essence of negotiation lies in identifying the interests of those involved and satisfying mutual interests while finding efficient and equitable tradeoffs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p33). The negotiation analysis approach will also be used, as the two parties will have eventually to come to an agreement. Several solutions exist that can solve the emerging problem in the public relations between Lisa and Marion. One of the solutions would be to entirely change Lisa’s working hours and transfer her to the night shift. This way she will have ample time to take care of her mother during the day and have time to attend her evening classes just before reporting for the night shift. These two responsibilities were the ma in issues on which her employer, Marion had focused. Evaluating alternatives is important as it provides other channels through which the problem shall be solved (Michael, 2011). The next solution would be to look for another receptionist that can cover Lisa’s tasks during the specific hours and days that Lisa would not be able to make it to the office on time. The alternative secretary should be able to solve the problem arising between the employee and her employer. Lastly, Lisa could be transferred to another department or position that would be less demanding and allow her to have time to further her studies and take care of her mother. The first solution can prove to be cumbersome and chaotic for both Lisa and her employer. Marion might end up with another receptionist who may not be competent and conversant with the workings at the office. Lisa will also be significantly inconvenienced as she would have to reorganize her program altogether. The next solution of employ another secretary would have adverse effects on the company’s financial reserves and slow down work in Marion’s’ office. Transferring Lisa to another department would also mean numerous inconveniences for her as she adjusts to the new settings, work description and employer. Negotiation is successful only when both parties accept the agreement (Forsyth and Kay, 2008 p. 89). Therefore, Marion should accept the terms as this would leave both parties satisfied. Justification In this situation, the best solution would be one that offers the least discomfort and disruption of lifestyle to both parties. Michael (2011) argues that â€Å"†¦in a principled negotiation process, the focus is on the interests behind the position† (line 38). Marion, the employer should accept to take up an assistant receptionist. In this way, Lisa would still be able to accompany her mother for therapy and attend her evening classes. However, the following aspects should be stressed. The hiring of an assistant receptionist does not mean that Lisa’s responsibilities and expectations will be lowered or reduced in any way. Lisa would still be expected to show up and leave at a certain time agreed between her and her employer. The assistant’s main role is to cover for Lisa and, therefore, her services would be necessary on the hours that Lisa would be absent. In the short term, Marion would have a hard time as the new assistant would have a difficult time getting used to the program and being productive. Marion would also have to allocate increased company funds to pay the assistant and furnish her desk and other related expenses. However, in the long term, the public relations office will be more streamlined and effective in performing its duties because of two factors. One, Lisa and her assistant would be more organized and coordinate in their operations at the office. Their combined contributions would lead to a higher turnover for the company (Kochan Bruce, 2003). Therefore, this solution may seem disadvantageous in the short term, but in the long term, it is a relatively cheap and easy way to invest in the future of her receptionists, solve some of the issues plaguing Lisa and organize the office demands. This solution is also fair as Goldman Shapiro (2012) argue that negotiation â€Å"†¦makes a situation fair† (p29) The game theory element in the negotiation theory can be used to explain why this solution was the most appropriate. Game theory proposes the employing of mixed strategies of conflict and cooperation in varying levels to achieve a compromise that is satisfactory to both parties. In this case, Marion who is Lisa’s employer needs to choose slight cooperation with her situation but also ensure that her productivity does not deteriorate. Therefore, the assistant receptionist would represent Marion’s decision to cooperate with Lisa. In return, this would have the effect of increasing her morale and result in higher output in the workplace. The game theory has the advantage of providing wholesome solutions when applied (Mannix et al, 2011). According to Fells (2012), one crucial feature of most negotiations is the need for reciprocity. He states â€Å"†¦reciprocity is a feature of many social interactions including negotiations. What one party does tend to be matched or reciprocated by the other.† (Fells, 2012) Implementation and Conclusion The solution will be implemented in two phases. The first phase will involve the orientation period where the assistant secretary will be guided through the office schedule, protocols and procedures by a joint team consisting of Lisa and any other human resource officer. This grace period should last for a maximum of a month after which the assistant should be fully settled and well briefed on the daily operations in the office. The next phase is the most critical one. At this stage, Lisa can adopt the new schedule that would allow her to conduct her personal businesses (studying and tacking care of her mother) without the hindsight that there is unfinished work at the office. During this period, the employer will also be closely monitoring both employees to ensure that the new system is correctly implemented. Other areas that may need reform would be human resource and finance departments that would have to include the new employee into their records. In summary, the problem existe d between Lisa and Marion, her employer. The issue of time management had created a conflict between Lisa and her employer. The solution arrived at was to employ an assistant secretary and this enabled the office to be more efficient. Luecke (2010) asserts that negotiations officially end â€Å"†¦with some form of resolution. Resolution might take the form of one party walking away†¦a written agreement may be signed, complete with enforcement mechanisms† (Luecke, 2010, p.34). References David C. (2010). ‘Getting to yes’ through negotiation. The Quill, 98(1), 37. Fells, R. E. (2012). Effective negotiation: From research to results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Forsyth, P., Kay, F. (2008). The art of successful business communication. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. Gatchalian, J. C. (1998). Principled negotiations – a key to successful collective bargaining. Management Decision London Then Bradford-, 36, 222-225. Goldman, B., Shapiro, D. L. (2012). The psychology of negotiations in the 21st century workplace: New challenges and new solutions. New York: Routledge. Kochan T., Bruce. D. L. (2003). Negotiations and Change: From the Workplace to Society. Ithaca. N.Y. Cornell University Press. Luecke, R. (2010). Best practice workplace negotiations. New York: American Management Association Lyons, C. (2007). I win, You win: The essential guide to principled negotiation. London: A C Black. Mannix, E. A., Neale, M. A., Overbeck, J. R. (2011). Negotiation and groups. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Michael L. (2011). Don’t leave good business on the table: Five strategies to negotiate win-win deals. Agency Sales, 41(5), 34.

Community of practice. What is a community of practice and what Essay

Community of practice. What is a community of practice and what benefits might it bring to an organisation - Essay Example This paper would discuss the community of practice and how it has benefitted organizations over the passage of time. Moreover, it would elaborate over the challenges faced by knowledge-based communities with the advent of the concept of community of practice.With the passage of time and the advancement in technologies, there is more and more pressure over organizations to maintain a competitive advantage over the rivals. For this purpose, it is becoming increasingly important to make efficient use of the resources of the organization. Among the most important resources of the organization come the Human resources. Hence, there are increasing efforts to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the workers. This paper would discuss the community of practice and how it has benefitted organizations over the passage of time. Moreover, it would elaborate over the challenges faced by knowledge-based communities with the advent of the concept of community of practice. DISCUSSION The articl e written by Lauren Keller Johnson (2006) entitled Are you getting the most from your knowledge workers? discussed relevant issues pertaining to managing knowledge workers. According to Serrat (2008), knowledge worker is unique and distinct as this type is described as â€Å"someone who is employed because of his or her knowledge of a subject matter, rather than ability to perform manual labor. They perform best when empowered to make the most of their deepest skills†. ... Communities of practice enable workers to work with others with the same purpose and while creating value through the community of knowledge sharing. Some of the benefits of a community of practice would be described in the following lines. Community of practice promotes and enhances a learning environment for all the stakeholders, according to Johnson (2001) â€Å"the learning that evolved from these communities is collaborative, in which the collaborative knowledge of the community is greater than any individual knowledge† (Johnson 2001: 34). Community of practice promotes the formation of synergies, raises the capabilities of the workforce by gaining insight from one another. The practice also inculcates new information, knowledge and skills of the workers into the corporate culture with the help of knowledge sharing and learning. Furthermore, community of practice endorses innovation and expertise, it connects people from different backgrounds, with diverse knowledge and i ncreases the level of trust as well as motivation enabling them to pool their knowledge and know how in solving business problems that require information across different subjects. The ongoing interactions through a knowledge based environment helps in coordination, organization and development of initiatives across various domains of knowledge. It fosters a sense of belonging among the workers which increases the morale while building the capabilities and knowledge of the workers. Moreover, Community of practice encourages neo-apprenticeship style of learning and nurtures professional and personal development of workers. Community of practice aids in the improvement of business outcomes, it helps in

NYPD CIA Anti-Terror Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NYPD CIA Anti-Terror Operations - Assignment Example For example, were an inmate to be pardoned from his jail sentence—but was not, in turn, released as stated within the executive order—this would be one possible example of a violation of the executive order. If the directive in the executive order is not carried out—whether by omission or commission—that is also punitively considered as a direct violation of the executive order. In all seriousness, why this is important to grasp is because many individuals’ futures lie in the hands of the President, because signing executive orders is an at-will type of activity for the President; the President need not sign them, but the President does so out of volition to support a cause, help an individual, or protect various types of liberties which might be otherwise infringed upon unless signed. III. Why NYPD CIA Anti-Terror Operations Didn’t Constitute a Violation of the Executive Order #12333 The New York Police Department did not violate Executive O rder #12333 by conducting anti-terror operations. Of course, since the September 11th, 2011 attacks on the World Trade Center in NYC, of course the city became much more serious about ensuring that due diligence was given to being more security-conscious not very long afterwards. In part one of Executive Order #12333, the goal of the executive order states that â€Å"[t]he United States intelligence effort shall provide†¦necessary information on which to base decisions concerning the conduct and development of foreign, defense and economic policy, and the protection of United States national interests from foreign security threats. All departments and agencies shall cooperate fully to fulfill this goal.†2 Since the NYPD and the CIA are both organizations that cooperate with the government, it’s quite reasonable to presume that both are types of intelligence agencies—the NYPD, in its own right—responsible for guarding the United States against any typ e of terrorism threats of any kind. Also, information is free to be shared between and amongst any departments or organizations that would further the knowledge base about any impending or potential threats. Executive Order #12333 states that â€Å"†¦all agencies and departments should seek to ensure full and free exchange of information in order to derive maximum benefit from the United States intelligence effort.†3 This means that oversight should be clear, without any secrets kept unless they are of importance to national security. This is why the NYPD working with the CIA in anti-terror efforts are completely valid methods of having ensured the nation’s security. IV. Future Recommendations to Avoid Violating Executive Orders The HuffPost New York—a division of The Huffington Post Internet news blog—stated that people from certain ethnic neighborhoods were followed on purpose in order to see if their activities were legitimate. Pakistani cab drive rs were pulled over for the slightest infractions, such as red lights, and various mosques and other organizations were infiltrated as well. Some

REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY Essay - 1

REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY - Essay Example This implies that most people in the corporate cultures tend to thrive long within the industry by becoming emotionless. For instance, most corporates have manifested this personality when those individuals managing the corporates have failed to maintain the ethical standards. This has often benefited a few individuals who become rich while those at the bottom end up being thrown on the streets when the corporates begin a downward spiral. The corporate governance is in dire need of regulation if the rights of the citizenry, as well as the integrity of the state are to be maintained. This is particularly important due to the fact that psychopaths have a tendency to taint nearly all the circles that they come into when establishing a contact. This implies that psychopaths can taint the state too, which is charged with the responsibility of establishing the extent of ethical and legal limits of the corporate behavior. This contamination of the state may occur in myriad ways. For instance, the intense corporate lobbying, in addition to the financial donations that corporates tend to extend to the state among other spheres of social influence, they may sometimes influence those in charge of making and overseeing the implementation of the law. To fully understand the link that likens corporate governance to a psychopath, Ullman (2004) provides diagnostic criteria for the same. To begin with, he points out that just like a psychopath; corporates tend to fail to conform to the set social norms and regulations that pertain to the practicing lawful behavior. This is commonly indicated by their repeated acts that pose clear grounds of arrest. This is mainly manifested through the ability of corrupt corporations to find their ways into powerful and key areas of the state using ways that go beyond the social norms. Some of these ways include seeking loopholes in the law to establish their claims, stock shares manipulation

Fresh Water Distillate Pump

Fresh Water Distillate Pump INTRODUCTION . There was MOD vessel on the port and this vessel required a fresh water for the 50 crew on the ship. So i have to make a system to produce fresh water on that ship. But the problem is that the ship is at port and there is lot of waste present in the port sea water such as organic waste which contain mainly garbage ,untreated sewage which can discharge directly or indirectly in the sea.treaces of heavy metals also present mercury,cadmium,,chromium these heavy metals are dangerous to health and also to the environment.heavy metals such as zinc and lead may causes corrosion .beside of these there was sone anthropogenic source of waste present which are listed below. Mining effluents Domestic effluents Industrial effluents Shipping activities including those of motorised boats and canoes. Fertilizers pesticides Atmospheric sources such as gas flaring, incineration of domestic waste manly garbage. Petroleum industries activities. According to uk water regulation the perctange of some heavy metals must be at certain level CALCULATION Before choosing any generator I have to calculate the water which fulfil the requirement of 50 persons. In a ship one person can MAXIUM 600 to 800 litres per day. A person can use the fresh water for washing clothes, washing utensils, wash room, drinking, cooking, bathing, and etc. If we calculate the fresh water for the 50 persons isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦! 800*50= 40000 litres per day so i have to chose a system which is capable for the production of minim 40000 liter per day TYPES OF FREH WATER GENERATOR in an efficient engine, only about half of the heat in the fuel is converted into useful work some of the Heat energy is lost in the cooling systems and exhaust gas. but some of the heat lost is recovered . the Modern highly pressure charged engines have a large amount of energy in scavenge air cooling wateer and this can be provide as the source of heating to the bunkering .an other source of heat is jacket water cooling and it also contain considerable amount of heat and this heat can be recovered in the fresh water evaporator system which operate at the pressure giving a corresponding saturation temperature fo water lower the the jacket water entering in to the heating medium .gasses dissolved when water is heated to its saturation temperature. There are two methods for generating fresh water, 1.Reverse Osmosis 2. distillation. is generally used were large quantities of relatively low quality water is required. Typical examples of water produced are; Treatment Total Hardness Calcium Hardness Silica Sodium Chloride TDS Sea Water 250 200 14 15000 15000 Evaporator Reverse Osmosis 20 5 After Demineraliser 0 Trace . Distillation The most commonly use freshwater generation is evaporative distillation, which uses engine jacket cooling water or steam heat from exhaust or gas fired boilers to evaporate sea water, which is then condensed into fresh water. Evaporation distillers comes in two main forms, 1.multistage flash 2 multi effect evaporators. Simple single effect evaporator The system above shows an evaporator typically heated by Main Engine Jacket water with means to supply steam when the engine is shut down Single and multi stage tube distillation was one of the early types of fresh water generation. It uses heat passing through submerged coils or tube bundles immersed in sea water to produce the distillate, which when condensed becomes the fresh water. Single Stage Flash Evaporator flash evapourator it consist of two parts 1.condensor 2.evaporator generally the heating method used is main engine heat or by heating oil usually the water boils at 100 degree. But in the freshwater generator the water inside the system usually boiled at 60 to 70 degree. By using ejector or edecutor.basically an alternative arrangement to the shell evaporator is the flash evaporator were heating takes place externally, the hot brine enters the low pressure chamber into a weir where some of the water flashes off. Water overflowing the weir is either out or passed on to a second stage. Multi stage units with each stage maintained at a lower pressure allow improved efficiency and high outputs. to check the percentage of salt salinoemetre is used. its is important to use salinometere because if the percentage of salt in water became high then it can detect it and raised the alarm Multi Stage Flash Evaporator flash flow diagramr in this process we use two evaporation stages in order to get a better typical multi stage flash system is based upon preheating of a pressurised sea water stream, or more typically a recycle brine stream to which the feed sea water is added the stream is heated in the heat input section brine heater. Double stage FWG is similar to the single stage FWG, the only difference being that the whole single stage process is repeated twice in 2-stage generator From here the recycle stream is passed into the first stage of a series of flash chambers. Here the pressure is released, permitting a portion of the brine stream to flash to form salt-free vapour which is condensed to give the fresh water. In condensing the vapour gives off its latent heat to the recycle brine stream. From the first stage the flashing brine stream is passed to the second stage which is kept at a slightly lower pressure more vapour flashes off. In the same way the flashing brine stream passes to the next stage and so o n through the plant with a portion of the vapour flashing off at each stage. A heat balance shows that the heat supplied in the brine heater has to be rejected. This is done in the last two stages of the plant which are cooled by a sea water stream which subsequently passes to waste. Modern Developments. Large Multi-effect Alfa laval evaporator In 1990 Alfa-Laval Desalt introduced its D-TU concept-a ME desalination system based on tube type distillers, by using the evaporation under vacuum with the rising film principle. This is thath means the inner surfaces of the tube are always covered with a then film of the feed water . heating medium is circulates on the outside of the tubes in the heat exchangerss.and The vacuum is created by water ejectors connected to each effects. A controlled amount of sea water is led to the bottom of each of the effect. where it is mixes with the brine from the previous effect and into the tubes in the heat exchanger, where it is heated. The generated vapours enter a separator where the brine droplets from the wet vapour are separated. The dry vapour pass through the separator to the following effect where they condense. The remaining sea water which has been converted to brine, flows to the next effect as feed water. The brine is taken out and discharged overboard. The latent heat in the vapo urs from the previous effect is used as a heating medium in the following effects. The process continues until the last effect where the generated vapours condense cooled by sea water. The condensate vapours flow from one effect to the next, and are retained in a collecting tank as distilled water. If a low temperature evaporator is to be used for domestic purposes certain restrictions apply. Operation is not allowed within 25 miles of the coast or 50 miles of an estuary. Chromate jacket water treatment must never be used. The condensate must be treated in order to destroy bacteria. Care must be taken if chemicals are used to inhibit marine growth in pipe work. Vapour Compression The boiler section is initially filled with fresh water. When the system is operating feed water is supplied via the level control valve. Hot steam is created in the boiler which passes over into the main section. Here the steam is mixed with a brine spray. Some of the steam is condensed and some of the brine spray is flashed off. The combined steam passes over to the vapour section via a scrubber. Flow of vapour occurs due to the action of the compressor which increases the vapour pressure increaseing its saturation temperature. Reverse Osmosis Osmosis describes the process whereby a fluid will pass from a more dense to a less dense solution through a semi-permeable membrane. It is very important to the water absorption processes of plants. RO is a process which uses a semi permeable membrane which retains both salt and impurities from sea water while allowing water molecules to pass. Filtration of up to 90% is possible thus making the produced water unsuitable for boiler feed without further conditioning. Improved quality is possible using a two or more pass system. diagram showing osmotic headThe parchment paper acts as the semi-permeable membrane and allows the water molecules to pass but not the larger salt molecules. Reverse osmosis is the process whereby a pressure greater than the osmotic head pressure is applied to a solution of high density. Fluid is forced from the high density side to the less dense side. For desalination plants the pressure is applied to sea water and the water is forced through the semi-permeable membrane. The semi permeable membrane which is typically made of polyamide membrane sheets wrapped in a spiral form around a perforated tube resembling a loosely wound toilet roll. Design of the cartridges is therefore such that the sea water feed passes over the membrane sheets so that the washing action keeps the surfaces clear of deposits. A dosing chemical is also injected to assist the action. Make up of membrane The two membranes sealed on the outer three edges, enclose porous under-layer through which the permeate spirals to central collecting tube Schematic of RO plant Pressurised feed water passes lengthways through the tubular spiral wound membrane element. Freshwater permeate travels through the membrane layers as directed along a spiral bath inot a central perforated tube, while brine is discharged out the end of the membrane element.. The fluid could be water and the solutions sea water. Under normal conditions the water would pass from the less saline solution to the more saline solution until the salinity was the same. This process will cease however if the level in the more saline side raises to give a difference greater than the Osmotic height. For practical use to allow the generation of large quantities of water. It is necessary to have a large surface area of membrane which has sufficient mechanical strength to resist the pressurised sea water.. The material used for sea water purification is spirally wound polyamide or polysulphonate sheets. One problem with any filtration system is that deposits accumulate and gradually blocks the filter. The sea water is supplied at a pressure of 60bar, a relief valve is fitted to the system. The Osmosis production plant is best suited to the production of large quantities of water rather than smaller quantities of steam plant feed quality. Pre-treatment and post treatment. Sea water feed for reverse osmosis plant is pre-treated before being passed through. The chemical sodium hexa phosphate is added to assist wash through of salt deposits on the surface of the elements and the sea water is sterilised to remove bacteria which could otherwise become resident in the filter. Chlorine is reduced by compressed carbon filter while solids are removed by other filters. Treatment is also necessary to make the water drinkable. The disc tube module is supposed to have the main advantage over the spiral wound type in that it avoids the need for the difficult cleaning processes required. With long lasting membranes, typically 5 years and in built cleaning system the unit will recover 30% as pure water from sea water passing through it Coil or Tube Seawater Evaporator This is a modern version of the type used when I was at sea in the 1960s; they used heating coils in those days as opposed to the pipe nest heaters of today. The coils used to become scaled in salt, with the attendant loss in output of distillate. I was in charge of the vaps and I remember the old chief coming down to the engine room on my watch and balling me out for the downturn in distillate. We were having problems with the boiler feed water purity (next article will cover the testing and treatment of boiler feed water) so I was blowing down the boiler regularly with the associated make-up requirement meant we needed more water pronto. Anyway I took him up to the vaps and showed him the scaling on the heating coils, reminding him that I was pumping Foss chemicals into the beast to try and break this away. He pushed me aside and shut off the seawater supply opening up the steam supply which rapidly dried the salt layer on the coils. He then opened the seawater inlet and hey presto the salt scale cracked and fell of the coils. I used this system several times until I was up for Seconds ticket and examiner wasnt too pleased to hear of this method, called the old Chief several unprintable names. Today we dont have to resort to these measures as there is an innovative device which uses a material that emits oscillations counteracting the natural seawater oscillations, thereby altering its properties and preventing calcium carbonate scale. (I will note the website address in the relevant section; I am too old for this new technology). A tube and coil evaporator consists of a steel vessel which has a nest of heating pipes near the bottom of the vessel being fed by steam or, hot water from the main engine. There is a tube condenser cooled by seawater installed near the top of the vessel. A vacuum is drawn in the vessel by air ejectors operated by steam or pressurised seawater. Seawater is fed into the evaporator just covering the heating pipes. Heat is supplied to the pipes and, this combined with the vacuum conditions begins to boil the seawater producing steam. The steam rises up through a demister into the tube condenser where it is evaporated to distilled water. This is collected and pumped via the salinometer to the storage EVAPORATOR SCALE. There are numerous types of evaporators all working to produce pure water with concentrated sea-water as waste. This concentration effect can lead to the formation of damaging scales within the evaporator. Over concentration is usually prevented by having a continuous stream of sea-water passing through the unit thus maintaining a satisfactory dilution of the sea-water side of the evaporator. However, because of the high salt content, when sea-water is elevated to temperatures above 30 C scales can begin to form on heat transfer surfaces. Additionally as the majority of evaporators operate under vacuum there is a tendency for the make-up water side to foam, which can give rise to carry-over and contamination of the pure water stream. Four scales which are principally found in evaporators are; Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4)-1200ppm, scale formation is principally on density, remains in solution below 140oC and/or 96000ppm.The worst scale forming salt forming a thin hard grey scale Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2 remains in solution below 90oC Magnesium Bi-Carbonate 150ppm soluble below 90oC, forms a soft scale, prevention by keeping operating temperature of evaporator below 90oC Above 90oC breaks down to form MgCO3 and CO2 and then Mg(OH)2 and CO2 Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 180ppm Slightly solube, above 65oC breaks down to form insuluble calcium carbonate forming a soft white scale. scale formation prevented by chemical treatment Ca(HCO3)2 = Ca + 2HCO3 2HCO3 = CO3 + H20 + CO2 If heated up to approximately 80oC CO3 + Ca = CaCO3 If heated above 800C CO3 + H20 = HCO3 + OH Mg + 2OH = Mg(OH)2 Hence if sea water in the evaporator is heated to a temperature below 80oC calcium carbonate predominates. If it is heated above 80oC then magnesium hydroxide scale is deposited. Sodium Chloride 32230 to 25600ppm -generally ignored Soluble below 225000ppm forms a soft encrustation, free ions promote galvanic action. It is unlikely to precipitate and is easily removed Supersaturation This is where the concentration of dissolved salts exceed their solubility at the particular temperature encountered and precipitation begins to occur. When deposition occurs under these conditions heavy scale deposits can rapidly build up and lead to a loss of heat transfer efficiency. Scale deposition due to supersaturation is often localised in areas of elevated temperature such as heat transfer surfaces in heat-exchangers. This is because of localised over concentration of salts with respect to the temperature of the thin water layer at the surface of the metal. Scale deposition can therefore occur on heat-exchange surfaces even when the conditions in the bulk of the water are not scale forming. FINALLY SELECTED GENERATOR VACCUM VAPOUR COMPRESSION FRESHWATER GENERATOR MAKER.. ALFA LAVAL TYPE.. ORCA OFFSHORE SERIES CAPACITY20-70m3/per day vacuum vapour compression is the efficient method of production of fresh water for both drinking and other use. by using this method we can convert the sea water in to fresh water by vacuum distillation process using electricity. The system has simple compact designee made from titanium heat exchanger plates with combined fresh water and feed water system. the system has low maintance cost any work on start and forget operation .and can produced very high quality of fresh water . BASIC Equipment. titanium plate heat exchanger for the combination evaporator and condenser stainless steel distiller shell, air ejector freshwater pump compressor UL approved panel built in freshwater quality monitoring system. ADDITIONAL Equipment fresh water pH adjustment filter. silver-ion or we can say UV sterilisers VACCUME DISTILLATION PROCESS. vacuum distillation is the process use to convert sea water in to fresh water. by this process constant supply of fresh water with low salinity level and be achieved with continuous controlling the water quantity. WORKING PRINCIPAL . 0feed water enter in to the lower section of the plate packs. plates is warmed by heating medium, heating medium is either a jacket water cooling medium or a closed circuit heating medium water is then evaporated at 40-60 degree centigrade in the vacuum of 85-95 % the vapour produces is raised between the plates in the middle section of plate pack. At this point seawater is almost completely removed. these droplet falls back in to the brain sump by the gravity at the bottom of the fresh water generator. only the clean fresh water can enter in to the condenser section and the water is cooled by flow of sea water. at that point vapour is condensed in to fresh water and pumped out by the fresh water pump. GHARP SHOWS THE % TONS PER DAY PRODUCTION Technical specifications (standard units without optional equipment) Water maker type ORCA Offshore 20 ORCA Offshore 30 ORCA Offshore 40 ORCA Offshore 50 ORCA Offshore 60 ORCA Offshore 70 Length (L) mm/inch Width (W) mm/inch Height (H) mm/inch Dry weight kg/lbs Operating weight kg/lbs FW pump motor kW/hp Brine pump motor kW/hp SW pump motor kW/hp (option) Circ. pump motor Electric power (kW installed) Power consumption kwh/m3 fresh water Fresh water quality Dimensions *) THE DRAWING SHOWS ORCA OFFSHOREE SERIES WITHOUT OPTIONS 2450 / 96 2150 / 85 2400 / 94 3700 / 8175 3865 / 8521 1.3 / 1.7 1.3 / 1.7 12.5 / 1 1.9 / 2.6 78.5 18 WHO standard, less than 5 ppm NaCl 2800 / 110 2150 / 85 2400/94 4000 / 8818 4185 / 9226 1.3 / 1.7 1.8 / 2.4 12.5 / 17 3.6 / 4.9 81 18 SLOW SAND FILTER (SSF) FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL. Slow sand filters (SSFs) are probably the most effective, simplest and least expensive water treatment process. Micro-organisms and other particulate materials are effectively removed by SSFs. Considerable development has been done on SSFs with respect to particle removal, but only a few works have been reported in the context of the removal of heavy metals which are a severely toxic pollutant of surface waters. No extensive laboratory or pilot studies have been carried out to determine the performance or the mechanisms of removal of heavy metals by SSFs. This research is concerned with an experimental investigation of the removal of heavy metals from surface water by SSFs. Four laboratory scale SSFs were built and run according to standard design criteria. Removal of four common heavy metals [copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)] were monitored. The filters were fed synthetic water made from tap water mixed with settled sewage, and each filter was dosed with one of the heavy metal salts. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd in the influent were selected as 10 mg/l, 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l, 60 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l, and 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l respectively considering their relative toxicity and WHO guidelines in drinking water. Settled sewage was added to vary the total organic carbon (TOC) of the feed water. The reduction of heavy metal concentrations were monitored at various TOCs, filtration rates and filter bed depths. The results showed that SSFs succeeded in removing heavy metals from water. The removals of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd at the conventional flow rate and filter depth are 99.6,97.2,100 and 96.6 % respectively. The results also showed that an increase in TOC in the feed water improved metal removal while increases of flow rates caused a decrease of the removal of metals. The removal of heavy metals also decreased with a reduction in sand bed depth. The optimisation of design parameters for SSFs for the removal of heavy metals depends on the individual heavy metal and on the TOC content of the feed water. Model equations were developed for, and linear correlation was observed between each of the three control parameters and the removal of the selected metal. The removal of heavy metal by SSFs was achieved through the combination of a number of mechanisms. Settlement, adsorption to both sand and organic matter and microbial WORKING PRCEDURE slow and sand filter work through the formation of a layer know as hypogeal layer or schmutzdecke .hypogeal layer contain microorganism that remove bacteria and trap condiments particles.it consist of bacteria,fungi,portozoa,rotera and a range of aquatic insect larva. the hypogal layer provides effective purification in potable water treatment. as the water passes through the hypogeal layer particles of foreign matter are trapped in the mucilaginous matrix and dissolved organic material is adsorbed and metabolised by bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Water produced form a well managed slow sand filter is free from heavy metals and other hazards. Slow sand filter are simple, are easily used by small systems, and have been adapted to package plant construction . Slow sand filter are similar to single media rapid-rate filters in some respects, but there are crucial differences in functional mechanisms(other than the obvious difference in flow rate): the schmutzdecke removes suspended organic materials and microorganisms by biodegradation and other biological processes, instead of relying solely on simple filtration or physic-chemical sorption. Advantages of slow sand filtration include its low maintenance requirements (since it does not require backwashing and requires less frequent cleaning) and the fact that its efficiency does not depend on actions of the operator. However, slow sand filters do require time for the schmutzdecke to develop after cleaning, during which the filtration performance steadily improves; this interval is called the ripening period. The ripening period can last from six hours to two weeks, but typically requires less than two days. A two day filter-to-waste period is recommended for typical sand filters . Since few remedies are available to an operator when the process is ineffective, slow sand filtration should be used with caution and should not be used without pre treatment or process modifications unless the raw water is low in turbidity, algae, and colour . Package plant versions with a granular activated carbon layer located beneath the slow sand filter can absorb organic materials that are resistant enough to biodegradation to pass through the schmutzdecke. When used with source water of the appropriate quality, slow sand filtration may be the most suitable filtration techno logy for small systems (6). Slow sand filtration has demonstrated removal efficiencies in the 90 to 99.9999% range for viruses and greater than 99.99% for Guardia FILTER DISCRUPTION. Square tank Media depth: 2-3 ft Surface area: Filtration rate: 2-10 gal/min-ft2 Flow through filter: 350-3,500 gpm Backwash frequency: every 24 houre CALCULATION We have required maximum 40000 litter per day production per day. and the filtration rate of this filter is max 51000 litter per day which fulfil our requirement. and we have to put two filter in parellal for the standby and maintaince purpose. So that if one filter stop working we can use the other standby filter to run the system as per requirement. IMPORTANT POINTs there is one bypass line in slow sand filter before the water enter in to the sand filters. and this bypass meet the discharge line of distilled pump. The reason for this bypass is that if the ship is in the sea we can open the bypass valve and the fresh water then straight go to the mineraliser unit. because in the roiling and pitching condition the slow sand filter does not work properly the sand filter unit is completely fixed with proper fitting. so that when the main engine runs it does not move from his place. one the important is that the system will take at least 2 day to start working .so for days the ship master has to arrange some external sources of drinking water. CLEANING METHOD There is two method of cleaning of sand filter 1. the top few millimetres of fine sand is scraped off to expose a new layer of clean sand. Water is then decanted back into the filter and re-circulated for a few hours to allow a new Schmutzdecke to develop. The filter is then filled to full depth and brought back into service 2. The second method, sometimes called wet harrowing, involves lowering the water level to just above the Schmutzdecke, stirring the sand and thereby suspending any solids held in that layer and then running the water to waste. The filter is then filled to full depth and brought back into service. Wet harrowing can allow the filter to be brought back into service more quickly. POSITION. we can fit the sand filter before the discharge of distilled pump. CHEMICAL TREATMENT. VAPTREAT. chemical known as vaptreat is add in to the system before the point where sea water is going inside the system .because this chemical make the sea water soft. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES Odour: Odourless Appearance: Liquid, pale yellow, soluble in water Contact with eyes: Mildly irritating to eyes Contact with skin: In cases of severe exposure, irritation may develop Inhalation: Vapours or aerosols may cause irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory tract Ingestion: May cause gastro-intestinal disturbances MINERALISER AND CHLORINE UNIT After the discharge of distilled pump the water then pass through the mineraliser after the mineraliser chlorine is added to the water. capacity of mineraliser=3800liter/hour capacity of chlorine unit.=3800liter/hour PUMPS REQUIREMENTS Ejector Pump The ejector pump is a single-stage centrifugal pump which supplies the condenser with sea water and the brine/air ejector with jet water as well as feed water for evaporation. Fresh Water/Distillate Pump The single-stage centrifugal fresh water pump extracts the distillate from the condenser and pumps it to the fresh water tank. POSITION OF EJECTOR PUMP The pump is fitted after the suction of low sea chest. because at the low sea chest suction there is no oil present .and is the best point of taking the main sea water suction . TYPE OF PUMP. TEHNICAL DATA CASING.. Cast iron, Nodular cast iron, Bronze, Stainless steel IMPELLER.. Cast iron, Bronze, Stainless steel MAXIMUM CAPACITY.850m3 per hour MAXIMUM DELIVER HEAD105M MAXIMUM LIQUID TEMPERATURE120 CENTIGRADE MAXIMUM PRESSURE.1000KPa MAXIMUM SPEED3600 rpm Salinometer The salinometer continuously checks the salinity of the produced water. The alarm set point is adjustable. salinometer continuously check the quality of the distillate, a salinometer is provided at the outlet side of the distillate pump. If the salinity of the produced fresh water exceeds the chosen maximum value, the solenoid valve is activated to automatically dump the distillate to the bilge and an alarm is sounded Control Panel The control panel contains motor starters, running lights, salinometer and contacts for remote alarm. DISTILLED WATER TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTION Each fresh water generator distillate pump discharges through a salinometer and a flow meter. Positioned before the flow meter is a solenoid valve. This opens when the salinometer detects too high a salinity level, diverting the distillate pump output to the bilge. The discharge from the FW generators flows to either the distilled water tank which is situated in the steering gear room on the starboard side though inlet valve or to the fresh water tanks which are both situated on the port and starboard sides of the steering gear room. The distilled water tank supplies water to the boiler feed water tank via valve Fresh water produced in the generator that is to be used for domestic purposes is directed through a mineraliser and a chlorination sterilising unit before entering the fresh water tanks. The fresh water tanks supply water to the d

Stocking the Online Community :: Internet Web Cyberspace Essays

Stocking the Online Community I must have a net worth of one million dollars by the time I'm forty. Sounds like a plan to me. Retirement, living the good life. My plan would be to go to school full?time, quit the job, and move into the country. (Not necessarily in that order) The Ad's I see have to be working for someone. The internet and stock trading were meant for each other. More and more people are getting on the band wagon so get on early. "But these hot High?tech stocks and you can't miss," followed by, "The next five winning I.P.O.'s free, just log onto www...." Sure there is some risk involved but people are making a ton of money and I want my share. Show me where to buy. I have some cash put aside I can risk it, I'm young. I can go online find a couple reputable communities, put out the feelers and take the plunge. The help will be free, I'll just give them my email address and they can send me junk mail. It's not hard to delete it. I will have to do some research to find someone to purchase stocks thro ugh that does not charge too much. In addition, I'll need a source for researching which stocks to buy. One or two emergent stocks, buy and sell at the right time and I'm on my way to early retirement. The operation I buy the stocks from will need to have a low price for trades and a low starting balance. It must be quick and easy to trade stocks and I will need quick confirmation to know how much money I've made. Not through the web but in a magazine article I found a rating of six online trading companies they are Scottrade, E?Trade, Suretrade, Smith Barney, Charles Schwab and DLJ Direct. The two most important things to me are the cost of a trade and the amount and quality of access to research. Scottrade has the lowest trade price of $5.95 and Smith Barney with the highest at $24.95. The research is especially good with Smith Barney and Charles Schwab slightly below in quality is Suretrade. Another thing I learned is that most of these companies require a minimum balance to start, E?Trade wants $1000 while Smith Barney starts with $2000. While Suretrade requires no minimum and Scottrade requires only $200. Stocking the Online Community :: Internet Web Cyberspace Essays Stocking the Online Community I must have a net worth of one million dollars by the time I'm forty. Sounds like a plan to me. Retirement, living the good life. My plan would be to go to school full?time, quit the job, and move into the country. (Not necessarily in that order) The Ad's I see have to be working for someone. The internet and stock trading were meant for each other. More and more people are getting on the band wagon so get on early. "But these hot High?tech stocks and you can't miss," followed by, "The next five winning I.P.O.'s free, just log onto www...." Sure there is some risk involved but people are making a ton of money and I want my share. Show me where to buy. I have some cash put aside I can risk it, I'm young. I can go online find a couple reputable communities, put out the feelers and take the plunge. The help will be free, I'll just give them my email address and they can send me junk mail. It's not hard to delete it. I will have to do some research to find someone to purchase stocks thro ugh that does not charge too much. In addition, I'll need a source for researching which stocks to buy. One or two emergent stocks, buy and sell at the right time and I'm on my way to early retirement. The operation I buy the stocks from will need to have a low price for trades and a low starting balance. It must be quick and easy to trade stocks and I will need quick confirmation to know how much money I've made. Not through the web but in a magazine article I found a rating of six online trading companies they are Scottrade, E?Trade, Suretrade, Smith Barney, Charles Schwab and DLJ Direct. The two most important things to me are the cost of a trade and the amount and quality of access to research. Scottrade has the lowest trade price of $5.95 and Smith Barney with the highest at $24.95. The research is especially good with Smith Barney and Charles Schwab slightly below in quality is Suretrade. Another thing I learned is that most of these companies require a minimum balance to start, E?Trade wants $1000 while Smith Barney starts with $2000. While Suretrade requires no minimum and Scottrade requires only $200.

Integrated Accounting Final Report Essay

In order to assist in the set up of Riordan Manufacturing’s revenue cycle, some changes are needed. Riordan Manufacturing is going to incorporate the systems development life cycle to their system. Along with this, some detail on how participants in the accounting function will assist in the development of the system will be mentioned as well. There will be information on how the changes have impacted the areas of measure and control that tie to operational performance. Riordan Manufacturing sells plastic bottles, fans, heart valves, medical stints and custom plastic parts. The company’s clientà ¨le include automotive parts manufacturers, The Department of Defense and appliance manufacturers. This paper will outline how to integrate the cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information system, the hardware needed and show how the accounting system flows through Riordan Manufacturing. Riordan Manufacturing is owned by Riordan with annual revenue in excess of one billion dollars. Riordan uses the income statement to show investors what the income is, and how management is controlling expenses. Riordan Manufacturing does not have an integrated accounting system at this time. All locations have separate systems and the information is sent to headquarters. The company admits that the current accounting system fails in many areas and needs to be replaced. In regard to cost of goods, the company has a common set of procedures for inventory management. Each process is explained thoroughly to insure everyone involved understands. A common set of procedures is necessary to guarantee that all cost of goods is reported properly. A main weakness for Riordan is many portions of the accounting process are still manual where electronic devices could be used. Another weakness is one throughout the entire company. The locations are not interconnected and headquarters rely on specific locations to send in the proper information and they combine the data into one system. Riordan Manufacturing currently provides its F and A data from the different locations by a data file. Some of the files is reported by hard copy and has to be converted to the proper account codes. All these reports are then combined into one financial report. The company needs to come up with one global accounting system. The SAP software is one of the highest recommended international accounting software that is used and has the strongest international features call SAP. It provides multiple currency support. From a balance sheet perspective, accounting for fluctuations in exchange rates has become easier. This software is also in compliance with FASB 52 (Collins, J., 1999-2003). There will need to be global implementation of the software from our I/T department, and training done on the accounting software however, this will save time in compiling reports and the reports will be more accurate. Many different types of information systems exist that will be needed in order to integrate supply and demand into the enterprise wide accounting information system. The first system would be Management Information System (MIS) which would collect information for monitoring the performance and maintaining coordination between purchasing and accounts payable (Introduction of Information Systems, n.d.) Another information system that would be beneficial to Riordan would be the Office Automation System (OAS). The OAS would be beneficial to Riordan because this system is useful for general office work when handling and managing documents. OAS also assists in improving communication within the workplace. Finally, transaction processing systems (TPS) are also an excellent system to have within a company. â€Å"TPS records daily routine transactions such as sales orders from customers, or bank deposits and withdrawals† (Introduction of Information Systems, n.d.). Most organizations have these three types of information systems in place, even though others that could be used. A way to make the revenue cycle run smoothly is by integrating hardware and software to assist in the setup of the various systems. This section of the paper will discuss what hardware and software is needed, and will go on to  identify who accesses this information. In order to integrate cost of goods into the accounting process Riordan Manufacturing will need a system that works for all locations. This would require software that is compatible for all locations. This would also make it possible to share reports such as the income statement and balance sheet. There should only a select few that should have access to the information in the database. These people would include the database designer, the persons installing the hardware or software and database management. This will keep the information contained in the database as secure as possible. This would be the first area of internal controls. The second area deals with transactions and is known as an application control. Application controls are vital to ensure accuracy and legitimacy of the data. Two common input internal controls that would be required are feedback mechanism and edit tests. Processing data controls deals with the data after input. The first internal control needed is an audit trail. This control allows a person to follow the route the data has taken. The final step in application control is the output controls. One area of concern in this area is control of company forms. In the area of revenue specifically, cost of goods sold, the forms that should be managed are purchase orders and inventory control sheets. As a way to make the accounting process easier for all involved, Riordan Manufacturing must brainstorm on how to provide information through the corporate intranet or Internet. In order to decide on where to list information, some details on the meaning of the intranet and Internet are provided. â€Å"The intranet is for internal communications purposes. These computer networks use the same software as the Internet, but are internal to the organization that created them† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 7). A good way to use the intranet would be to have all locations connected. This would allow all information to be accessible to each location. At the same time, it saves time trying to get information forwarded to corporate. â€Å"The Internet is a collection of local and wide area networks that are now connected  together via the Internet backbone – that is, the main electronic connections of the system† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 5). The internet is a good place to provide customers with information on the history of Riordan Manufacturing. Another area of interest is listing some information on the products that are being sold. Integrating a new accounting system into the company will greatly improve internal controls for Riordan Manufacturing. With hardware and software implemented, the company will have more consistent and accurate financial reports. Riordan Manufacturing will always know where they stand financially if the new system is implemented. The goal is to change the current process for maintaining, recording, and billing of inventory as related to cost of goods sold (COGS). An entire new accounting information system is not required only additional software program in this one area. Waterfall is the oldest form of systems development life cycle (SDLC) and is the one that is used for this project. The waterfall SDLC includes multiple steps in the life of a project. The steps include: project planning with feasibility study, systems analysis that defines the projects goals, system design, implementation, integration and testing, acceptance, installation and deployment and finally maintenance of the accepted system (Kay 2002). The system is already proposed so the first two steps of the waterfall SDLC have already occurred in some form. The SDLC will be used as check list to ensure all the proper processes are completed when implementing the new system. The steps in the waterfall SDLC should be followed with the creation of a system design as the next step. Once the system design is created with all the required features including operational details the next step can be started. This step is the implementation of the system design into the current accounting system. Once the code is written for this step integration and testing will be required to ensure that the new work is compatible with the old system. In this step the company should also test the hardware involved so when the system is live all is in order. Finally the last step is installation and deployment if the new design has been  accepted. Once the new system and hardware are in place the company can begin replacing the old processes. Maintenance is included in the Waterfall SDLC but as a company maintenance is automatic to ensure good life of the company’s assets. The participants to contribute to the system design of the systems development life cycle would be the database designers. This enables the system to have the needed logical and physical design to have an operational database. In order to make this process successful, one must determine the data to be stored, and determine the relationships of the different data fields. Review the way the old system is set up and see if improvement is needed to make the new system better. The implementation stage would probably involve database management. It means that testing has been done and implementing the system is the next step. Some comparisons have been made with the old and new systems and things are being documented where possible issues may occur later. With the installation and deployment step, the departments involved would be IT and accounting. This step occurs because the system has been approved to go live. IT is assigned to installing the system. It would involve installing the software applications as well. The accounting department’s job would be to make sure after IT installs everything to test their processes now that the system is up and running. This would involve doing actual work and reviewing the results of the work. Make comparisons to how the results of the processes of the old system worked versus the new system. Accounting would be required to review the software applications as well. Again, testing would be needed to see if the applications are running smoothly. The improvements for Riordan if they implement a new accounting system are vast. Some of those include; less clerical errors, more efficient for keeping track of inventory, faster because after initial set up everything goes quicker, better tracking of access to information and no papers to lose  because all the work is done electronically. References: Bagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., and Strand, C. (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed.). [Electronic Version]. New York: Wiley. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from University of Phoenix, ACC/340, rEsource Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/login.aspBagranoff, N. A. (2008). Accounting on the Internet. [University of Phoenix CustomEdition e-text].John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from University ofPhoenix, ACC340 Web site. Collins, J. CPA (1999-2003). Accounting Software Advisor: Foreign Currency. Retrieved July 6, 2008 from: http://www.accountingsoftwarenews.com/charts/currency.htmlIntroduction to Information Systems (n.d.). Types of Information Systems. Chapter 2. Retrieved July 5, 2008 from http://www.ii/metu.edu.tr/~ion501/demo/index.htmlKay, Russell (2002). Quickstudy: System Development Life Cycle. ComputerWorld. May 14, 2002. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from the World Wide Web at: http://www.computerworld.com/developmenttopics/development/story/0,10801,71151,00.htm

Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essays

Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essays Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper and therefore, he chooses to leave his name intact and die as a tragic hero. It may be said that envy and greed were responsible for the chaos of witch-hunt, however, they cannot fully be blamed. Other feelings such as fear, pride, and honour are common to those of a restricted society like Salem and can be more responsible for the havoc. The former emotions affect the society of Salem as a whole, unlike greed and envy that affect some characters personally. Consequently, it is reasonable to say that the causes for the Salem witch-hunt varies according to each reader. One may strongly discuss that envy and greed were responsible for chaos in Salem while another can, just as strongly, defend his opinion that fear and pride, for example, are mostly to blame. All in all, evidence and examples show that envy and greed can be held responsible for the Salem witch-hunt to certain extents. These feelings may not be the main principles to blame but are, nonetheless, present in The Crucible and do influence some characters, aggravating the already turbulent society of Salem.

Two commandments in French

Two commandments in French The French have two commandments that set them apart from other people. First of all, they believe that too much work is unhealthy, and second of all, they regard food as an important aspect of life. They believe that they work to live unlike other people who believe that they live to work. They take long weekends and have many holidays that keep them out of offices.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Two commandments in French specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many fulltime employees get more than 37 holiday days every year. They work for 35 hours a week, being a reduction from 39 hours since the year 2000. The government has requested employers to increase their working hours. What is more, state workers spend a lot of time doing things that are not connected with the work itself because government agencies and corporations do not have strict work regulations and policies. In addition, they argue that they do not wor k a lot because they earn peanuts for their great efforts at work. Despite few working hours, the French achieve their goals because families usually work on various projects simultaneously. The French do not set many targets at work because they are certain of their failure. Their meetings do not give results because of poor communication between members of the group or a team. On the other hand, they go on strikes to get conditions or privileges they want at their work. Dialogues are rarely sued to solve problems.  The French have another commandment that makes food an important aspect of their culture. They have preserved many stone-age culinary recipes. However, their recipes receive numerous criticisms for lack of hygiene. French people believe that bacteria should be allowed to breed and multiply, thus exposing food to microorganisms. They do not practice hygiene when preparing, transporting, or preserving food in restaurants. Even though they treasure food, they ignore the importance of maintaining hygiene. For example, they do not clean utensils properly after and before their use. The French love to eat raw food especially fruits. Their culinary preferences are unique because while other countries have celebrity chefs, France has celebrity food. The French also love junk food, however, research has shown that they are less fat than people from other countries are. They accuse Britons of consuming overcooked and boiled food, which they accompany with beer after meals. Despite criticism, they love several British meals such as cakes and biscuits. Britons spend a lot of money on staff and the dà ©cor of their restaurants and little money on food.Advertising Looking for article on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the French hate American food because they consider it to be junk. The French love alcohol. At the same time, they adopt a different from En glish people drinking style which often exposes them to numerous road accidents. They have developed several rules and rituals that are associated with food. It is a requisite for the French to follow these rules and observe the rituals.

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy Essay

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy option to help to solve the uk's current economic problems - Essay Example Following the 2008, financial crisis qualitative easing became an element of recovery to the central banks that their interest rates were close to zero lower bound or at zero (Benford, Berry, Nikolov, & Young, 2009). With the intensification of the crisis, most international central banks took possible measures in supporting demand and loosening monetary policies. The bank of England through its monetary policy committee (MPC) dealt with it by cutting interest rates by up to three percentage points in bank rate. In early 2009, the bank further reduced it by one and half percent. MPC in their analysis explained that the cut could not meet the consumer price index of two percent hence need to purchase private and public assets using the central bank money. This led to the introduction of qualitative easing in the United Kingdom economy. The idea behind this was to inject liquid money back into the economy to help boost nominal spending and achieve the two percent inflation target. Disc ussion To avert the financial crisis, the bank of England purchased a large amount of United Kingdom governments bonds (gilts). By January 2010, the bank had purchased medium and long-dated gilts worth 200 billion of assets, and this represented fourteen percent of annual GDP and 30 percent of private sector outstanding gilts. In so doing, and by a combination of support measures the bank balance sheet increased in relation to the GDP threefold before the crisis. To implement this technique further, the government gave authority to the bank to purchase corporate bonds and high quality paper. The government did so in order to improve market functioning by acting as a backstop buyer and seller (Hamilton, 2010). The asset purchasing is one of the unconventional policy measures applied in the bank to loosen the monetary policy. The bank aim of assets purchasing was to cut the bank rates and hence stimulating nominal spending with the aim of meeting the two percent inflation target. This initiative also alleviated inflation that had been domestically generated. Assets purchases affected inflation and spending through different potential channels. First, it increased money holdings and pushed up the assets prices while stimulating the expenditure by increasing wealth and lowering borrowing costs. It also stimulated impact by broadening expectations and its influence on bank lending rates. Effects of assets purchasing The purchasing of assets led to Policy signaling effects, which included the expectations by market participants of policy rates to remain low for longer. At the time of expectations, policy makers were dealing with the issue of falling inflation below the expected medium target. The falling of inflation could have led to push up on real interest rates while reducing spending and keeping of nominal rates at low levels (Hancock, & Passmore, 2011). The assets purchase assisted in keeping inflation expectations on target through supporting of spending. The signaling effect anchored inflation expectations on track hence the hiding the real state of the economy to the agents on their views. The other effect of assets purchasing in stabilizing the economy was through portfolio balance effects, which entailed pushing up prices of other assets and the bought assets. This happened in the sense that after the bank buying assets, there is an increase in money

Cultural Tensions in 1950s Hollywood Film Essay

Cultural Tensions in 1950s Hollywood Film - Essay Example As America emerged from the darkest days of the â€Å"Red Scare†, which saw the Hollywood film community intimidated by politicians, it was considered risky at best to undertake a thoughtful and soul-searching study of American political institutions and society. It is the thesis of this essay that Twelve Angry Men uses the instruments of American government and culture to effectively combat just these prejudices and bigotries. The film zeroes in on the New York of the 1950’s, the scene of a massive influx of Puerto Rican immigration in the years since the Second World War ended. There was considerable backlash by older immigrant stock both resentful and fearful of the newcomers. This tendency is frequently found today in soft areas of cultural intrusion and the perception of threat—whether real or imaginary—by the â€Å"invaders.† Such borderline xenophobia is of course not confined to America in that decade, but it seemed to present a crisis at th e local level at that time. It is into this setting that Twelve Angry Men is embedded. A Puerto Rican youth is accused of patricide in the stabbing death of his father, and it is his misfortune to come before a jury of largely apathetic or overtly racist men to hear the case. The film uses the sterilised laboratory of the American courtroom and jury deliberation room in the relentless search for objectivity and ultimate truth. Since this is a capital murder case, it is also a life or death decision for the defendant, the death penalty then being the punishment for the guilty. Whilst this would seem to demand the utmost care and commitment of the men on the panel, in fact the opposite happens. They range from the apathetic and even jovial to annoyance and boredom at the proceedings. Thus, there is also a subordinated theme of indifference to this highest of civic duties. Into this vacuum steps Davis, a man who seems to take his duties seriously. Disturbed at what he interpreted as a weak defence for the accused, he is the sole holdout as the poll goes around the room, voting â€Å"not guilty†. The other panelists have already determined the young man’s guilt, but Davis wants to â€Å"talk†; that is, he wants to open a dialogue box to try to find the truth. In this, he is after all only discharging his constitutional obligation to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. After this first polling, he gradually wins over one by one his fellow panelists, but it is not easy. Davis does not pretend to have all the answers, only probing questions to find the truth in the shadow of prejudice. In perhaps the most trenchant bit of dialogue in the script, Davis confronts the most blatantly bigoted member of the group after eyewitness testimony by a Puerto Rican woman throws some doubt on the deliberations. â€Å"She’s one of them, isn’t she?† he demands of the bigot. â€Å"You’re a pretty smart fella, aren’t you?à ¢â‚¬  the man replies, and then mutters to the others, â€Å"what’s he getting so smart about?† Possibly for the first time in his life, he has had his thought processes stimulated by a stranger. Soon, he changes his verdict as well. But Davis is far from arrogant in his search for objective truth. In another memorable scene in the water closet, another man confronts Davis and plants the seed of doubt in his mind. â€Å"How do you know the kid didn’t really knife his father?†